How We Ourselves Are Destroying the Planet and Future Ways to Prevent Research Paper

How We Ourselves Are Destroying the Planet and Future Ways to Prevent Such - seek Paper ExampleFor example, smoke and dusts coming out of motor vehicles, e- go down ons, nuclear wastes, chemicals like DDT, pesticides etc are examples of manmade environmental hazards whereas floods, cosmic rays, ultraviolet rays etc are some of the naturally occurring incidents which destroy our earth. nuclear waste disposal is other thing which destroys our earth. Destruction of forests for heavy industrialization and injudicious industrial procedures are some other factors which fracture momentum to the destruction of our earth or environment. It is difficult for us to take drastic steps for the security measures of our earth even though we talk loudly about the necessities of protecting our environment. In simple terms, protection of earth means allowing all natural things to remain as it is. But it is impossible for us to avert the facilities offered by heavy industrialization. Nobody would like to walk 10 kilometers instead of using a jade in the name of environmental or earth protection. However, it is an accepted fact that earth may non survive longer periods if we continue our selfish activities as we do at present. This paper briefly analyses the ways in which we destroy our environment and the possible solutions to avoid the destruction of earth. ... Human has realized the importance of forests in keeping a balanced climate on earth only in the recent times. Trees repeat the dangerous carbon dioxide from atmosphere and liberate more useful oxygen to the atmosphere. For sustaining life on earth, the destiny of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere should obey certain ratio. Trees, which helped us to keep the balance amid the oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, faced heavy destruction in the recent past and from there onwards the destruction of the earth started. Nuclear waste disposal is another way of destruction of earth. Nuclear wastes or Radioactive wastesare normally classified as low-level, medium-level or high-level wastes, according to the centre and types of radioactivity in them (Waste Management, 2007). It may contain harmful radiations like alpha, beta and gamma which can imbue deep in to our skin and create lot of health problems. Safe disposal of radioactive waste is a major problem faced by the current world. Because of the extended life and the deep sharp power, it is suicidal to dispose radioactive wastes on earth. Reports from the European press states that Soviet Union is secretly discard nuclear reactors and radioactive waste into the bordering seas (Rao,n.d, p.1). In other words, prominent countries are disposing nuclear wastes in the propinquity of their enemy countries as a strategy to cause problems to the enemy country. Such tactics are not only causing problems to the innocent people, but also to the living things as a whole. The National astronautics and Space Administration (NASA) came up with a scheme for sending radioactive waste into this heliocentric

Discuss the definition of terrorism and the two major types of Essay

handle the definition of terrorist act and the two major types of terrorism outlined in our textbook - Essay utilizationAccording to Schmalleger, terrorism can be mainly divided into two types, namely domestic terrorism and inter issue terrorism (Schmalleger). According to the Unites States Department of Justice domestic terrorism is The unlawful use of push back or violence, committed by a group(s) of two or more individuals, against persons or property to appal or coerce a government, the civilian population, or every segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. (Presley). Terrorism which is practiced in ones knowledge country against own people is known as domestic terrorism (Domestic Terrorism). This type of terrorism takes place through groups or individuals operating entirely within the U.S. aiming to influence the U.S. government or population to affect political or social amendment by conducting criminal action (Maehr). The activities of internatio nal terrorists on the other hand cross national boundaries. The promissory note between domestic and international terrorism does not refer to where the terrorist act takes place (Emergency develop Terrorism). Instead, it refers to the origin of the individuals or groups responsible for it (Emergency Training Terrorism). On April 30, 2001, the US State Department agreed that the distinction between domestic and international terrorism was getting blurred (Raman). It goes without saying that there is hardly any terrorist organization in todays world which does not have international networking (Raman). Sometimes the networking is with the diasporas sometimes with like-minded terrorist groups or non-State actors or mercenaries in other countries sometimes with State actors, who want to use them to earn their own strategic objectives (Raman). Domestic terrorism is considered as a crime which should be treated as a criminal division whereas international terrorism is both a crime an d a matter

Strategic Management- Chiquita's Banana Business in Columbia Essay

Strategic Management- Chiquitas banana Business in Columbia - Essay ExampleThis is evident in the Chiquita group of companies, which is involved in banana trade within Columbia. Over the past six decades, Columbias political upheaval makes it problematic to conduct business, despite its promise of growth. Paramilitary groups control various business organizations, in their efforts to overshadow the nations political and economic platforms. These revolutionary groups achieve this through extorting money from multinational companies, such(prenominal) as Chiquita Brands International, and threats of death and property destruction to the repudiators. ChiquitaBrands International complies with this but faces legal challenges fro its home country, the US. This manuscript mulls over Chiquiatas predicaments, and mitigation measures towards repositioning itself in the competitive industry within the politically unsafe nation. Factors induce Chiquita into its Actions Chiquita Brands Inter national has been extremely profitable within the conflict prone Columbia. Sources indicate that the firm is the among the largest global traders in the banana industry. The company also benefitted the nation significantly, with the employment creation, tax payment and the general improvement of the inhabitants vivification standards.... However, the judiciary refuted this justification, shooting that the paramilitary group used such funds in the purchase of ammunition and different items that aided them in the accomplishment of illegal activities such as kidnappings, forceful extortions and murder of innocent victims who failed to stick to to their rules. This also obliged the US judiciary department of employing personnel that looked into other such firms that conform to the nemesis groups demands. The legal suit found Chiquita firm guilty, and encountered various severe losses, including paying a fine of $25 millionand a probation of five years (Jennings, 2011, p. 656). Fam ilies of the victims of theAUC activities also filed suits against the firm, owing to its involvement in the funding of AUC. This has severe implications for the firm, since it cloud the image of the firm, thereby affecting its profitability. As such, the current management of Chiquitas subsidiary group Banadexhavean grand task, to improve its image, and reposition itself in the ever competitive industry. Though Chiquitas management attempted unsuccessfully to rationalize their involvement in funding a terror gang, their act seems questionable (Gottschalk, 2010, p. 17). In my opinion, their claim to fund AUC, with the promise of security is ethically incorrect (Pohl, 2012, p. 68). They claim to protect their employees, without regarding the impacts their deeds have to other inhabitants of the nation (Hellriegel and John, 2008, p.31). As such, they ought to have sought protection from other legal organizations such as the permit US security groups. They also display they self-cent ered behavior by

Self Evaluation and learning action plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Self Evaluation and learning action plan - Essay ExampleOn the different hand, through providing handsome compensation plans modern organizations are trapping youngsters into a fallacy of melodic line therefore, turning their talents into increasing profit cleverness for their stakeholders.However, it is relieving to note, that job turnover is increasing throughout the world because of organizations growing proclivity to commit psychological contract breach, which is actively contributing towards increasing entrepreneurial expeditions around the world (Jafri, 2011).This musical composition result be designed in such a way that it will assist me in attaining my objectives in life, through integrating knowledge of various concepts such as thinking practitioner, action prep and skill analysis.I consider myself as a creative individual, who can artistically perform assembly line activity in any part of the world. However, my financial management skills are weak, but I am confident ly attempting to overcome my professional deficiency in finance. I also believe in my teachers ability to help me during my struggle to become a competent financial analyst in the future.First, this document will focus on explaining thinking practitioner. This type of individual analyzes his or her each professional and personal action, in the light of successfulness. Along with this, he or she keeps on evaluating him or herself in order, to indentify personal strengths and weaknesses (Smith, 2011).Remember, the competitive advantage of a person lies with his or her strength, because it is simple to achieve excellence in the field, in which an individual is interested. However, in other areas an individual may have to work very hard, but may not be able to develop expertise.At the same time, it is important to seek out others opinion, but we do not have to impose it on ourselves because, people will always deem something impossible, which they cannot achieve (Vries, et al, 2006). O n the other hand, it

Chasing Matisse - Art Exhibit Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chasing Matisse - Art Exhibit Critique - Essay ExampleThe show Chasing Matisse - Art Exhibit Critique states the fraud and life of Henri Matisse. The subject ( depiction) of the fraud exhibit finish be described as a charhood seated on a hold and there ar some flowers that take been placed on a table at her left hand side. The woman seems to be in thought she could be thinking of something important due to the reason that her head is positioned veneer downwards. As a result, this is the main factor that contributes to the scene of the mental picture. Every scene is prone to pass objects that have contributed to its final look. The painting Chasing Matisse has a number of objects that have contributed to its general outlook. These include the chair- where the young woman has sit down on the table where the flowers have been placed on. The combination of different objects in a painting scene is to portray a particular impression that an individual (the audience) can make out of it. As a result, the first impression that an individual can have from the painting Chasing Matisse is that the artist was portraying a woman who was sad, lonely or deep in thought. This is vividly spread abroaded in the manner that her body has been positioned and the way that her give looks like. Colour is very essential in either art scene. The lack of colour may reveal a number of factors such as lack of feeling, lack of life etc. Additionally, the act upon that have been selected matter a lot. This is due to the reason that colour are categorized into either warm colours or cool colours. Warm colours exhibit depth while cool colours indicate the lack of depth. Some of the examples of warm colours that can be engaged in a painting include Red, orange, brown, maroon, yellow and green. On the other hand, cool colours that can be used in any painting include the likes of blue, pink, light blue and violet. Based on the art exhibit Chasing Matisse, the colours that have been used include red for the womans hair blue, orange and black for her robes maroon and blue for the flowers. In every artistic work, there are shares of shape, line and texture. Shape can be think to the use of space in the artistic work. It can also be related to the use of geometrical shapes such as squares, circles, rectangles etc. In addition to that, shapes can also be determined by attributes such as lines, texture, colour and value. Another element in art is the use of lines. In its simplest definition, lines refer to marks that are drawn in a bid to connect ii points. It is also important to note that lines are characterised by aspects such as thickness, length and line direction. cereal refers to the feel of the surface under consideration. Texture always goes hand in hand with lines and colours. In the art exhibit, it can be stated that the element of shape has been used to reduce on space. For example the chair that the woman is sitting on has occupied a major ity of the space in the painting. In the art exhibit, lines have been used to give an in depth outline of the objects in the painting such as the flowers, the vase, the surface where the vase has been placed (table) and the chair that the woman has sat on. Lastly, texture is very critical in every piece of art. With that said, the art exhibit has a smooth feel. Just as colour is an essential element in an art piece,

Apple Strategic Managment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Apple Strategic Managment - Case Study precedentWith declining stock values, Apple has planned to introduce a frown-priced iPhone that impart effectively compete in the smartphone market place and rejuvenate the once giant of the iPhone industry (Apple Inc). This paper aims at evaluating the business and market aspects of the lower make up iPhone with respect to the tush price, the target manufacturing personify, and the estimated egregious profit.Since Apple used over USD 150 million in designing and manufacturing the iPhone 5, the lower cost iPhone will not incorporate most of the smartphone apps that the iPhone 5 uses. For example, the lower cost phone will run on a simple Android system with internet settings in operation(p) under the EDGE network. These will significantly reduce the initial manufacturing cost to just about USD 40 million with the first batch producing over 300,000 units of the iPhone. This will mean that the manufacturing cost of each unit of the lower cost iPhone will be USD 217, which means that every unit of the lower cost iPhone sold will fetch in a gross of USD 133 (United States Securities and Exchange Commission).Estimated gross profitFrom the figures above, it is clear that Apple will target an annual sale of USD 105 billion. Since gross profit is obtained by subtracting the cost of sales from the net sales, the estimated gross profit for the lower cost iPhone will be USD 65 billion. This strategic iPhone will definitely mend the declining profit margin in Apples iPhone market as well as steady its stock market (Apple Inc).

Henri Lefebvre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Henri Lefebvre - Essay ExampleThese critiques of the city were the basis for Lefebvres investigation of the cultural construction of stereotypical notions of cities, of nature and of regions (Shields, 2002). Within his writings, Lefebvre brought attention to the tendency of academia to place too much emphasis upon the smorgasbord of studies as being psychology, sociology, archaeology or geography among others, that all had as their end goal a study and understanding of space and other human geography issues.In analysing city life, Lefebvre argued everydayness or bromide is a soul-destroying feature of modernity and extended Marxs analysis of this concept by discovering new forms of lunacy within the city. According to this view, consumption is part of the result of a failure to recognize this alienated plead on the part of the modern consumer, which Lefebvre called the mystification of consciousness (Shields, 2002). This early work influenced Walter Benjamins Marxist analysis of culture as well as reflecting Le Bons work on crowds and the furtherance of psycho-geography.In discussing space, Lefebvre delineated three cite components of the urban lifestyle. These components include the perceived space of everyday social life that was predominantly ignored by professional life, the conceived space of cartographers and planners who work to segregate portions of land out to particular private owners within the competitive society, and lived space which exists in the idea of the fully human several(prenominal) who keeps it alive by means of accessibility to the humanities and humanities. This third space not only transcends but has the power to refigure the balance of popular perceived space and the conceived space of arrogant professionals and greedy capitalists (Shields, 2002). This abstract space, as opposed to material space, is considered by Lefebvre to be of much greater significance to the shaping of the individual as is shown in the comment space a s directly lived through its associated images and symbols, and hence the space of inhabitants and users... This is the dominated...space which the imagination seeks to change and appropriate. In terms of organized society, Lefebvre indicated this conscious awareness of these representational spaces as illuminated through art and the humanities was the only way in which Utopia could be reached. Within the French society of the interwar period, Lefebvre pointed to the dystopian malaise of his fellow countrymen as they struggled through periods of famine and industrial transition as well as the later society in which the urban landscape changed the rural nature of his homeland to develop his speech rhythm analysis. Through this analysis of the everyday life of the city, Lefebvre indicates that the increases in speed seen through our advances in technology stupefy quickened the rate of the everyday, making it harder to keep up with both the ever-changing rhythms of the city as well as the changing dynamics of the individual within that city. This model of modern concrete spaces and their interrelationship with the conceptual interior spaces that have been defined within the modern context have helped human geographers to further

Computational Phylogenetic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

computational Phylogenetic - Essay Example apply the resulting neighbor.outtree generated as your answer in Question 2, generate the equivalent dendrogram using the drawgram computer program name at the MOBYLE Portal under phylogeny/display. Keep all program parametric quantitys set to default barely for the Drawgram options argument you will need to change this parameter to a lodge type you can catch on your computer (e.g., Windows BitMap). Copy/Paste the resulting image as your answer.Using the resulting dnapars.outtree generated as your answer in Question 4, generate the corresponding dendrogram using the drawtree program found at the MOBYLE Portal under phylogeny/display. Keep all program parameters set to default except for the Drawtree Options parameter you will need to change this parameter to a file type you can visualize on your computer (e.g., Windows BitMap). Copy/Paste the resulting image as your answer.Run the fitch program found at the MOBYLE Portal under phyl ogeny/distance. Keep all program parameters set to default except for the parameter you will need to change to run Minimum Evolution instead of Fitch-Margoliash. Copy/Paste the resulting fitch.outtree as your answer.Using the resulting fitch.outtree generated as your answer in Question 6, generate the corresponding dendrogram using the drawtree program found at the MOBYLE Portal under phylogeny/display. Keep all program parameters set to default except for the Drawtree Options parameter you will need to change this parameter to a file type you can visualize on your computer (e.g., Windows BitMap). Copy/Paste the resulting image as your

Outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 60

Outline - Essay ExampleThe joint technology, in particular the use of polygraphs are commonly made for interrogation with different questions that detects one is telling the truth or a lie and manipulation of voice and how the person speaks tells more.The reason they are still considered is because at that place are less than 5% of good people at detecting lies are easily deceived and about out of empathy or emotions may not distinguish truth from lies (Roth, Williams, Phifer, & Twentieth Century Fox infrastructure Entertainment, Inc, 2010).Voice technology through use of lie detectors may be of use in enforcing the virtue by distinguishing those telling the truth from lies. However, the limitations of trained liars and some honest, people may fail to be recognised leading to injustice. It is not always favorable to use them.In the last few decades, technology/scientific development has taken place in many areas and this affects us on the both a individualised level and withi n our professions. Lie detection, a form of voice technology has been growing widespread and available, especially in law courts to investigate the truth. The good judgments made are helpful to individuals as well as the society while the negative effects affect them as well and may hinder justice.Brett,A.S., Phillips,M., & Beary,J.F. (1986, frame 8). Predictive Power of the Polygraph Can the Lie Detector Really Detect Liars?, by Allan S. Brett, Michael Phillips, John F. Beary. Retrieved from http//www.american-buddha.com/art.predictivepowerpolygraphbeary.htmBrown,T.E., Senter,S.M., Ryan,A.H., & plane section OF DEFENSE POLYGRAPH INST FORT JACKSON SC. (2003). Ability of the Vericator to Detect Smugglers at a Mock security measures Checkpoint. Ft. Belvoir Defense Technical Information

About emotional inteliqence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

About stirred up inteliqence - search Paper ExampleIn a way, it makes us self-centered and makes us realize that the world is composed of myself and others and that I need to relate well with others. This relationship with others reflects on our team identity, on how well we coiffe or get together, on our emotional maturity on how we handle our differences (because for sure there volition be) and our over-all development both as professional and a person.In a way emotional watchword makes us realize that to achieve something, we need to collaborate with others or with a team. And to be able to mold effectively with others and/or team, we have to learn how to regulate ourselves so that we can achieve our teams objectives as well as my objective. This was evident with the questions in the tests that asked if it is completely true, mostly true to completely sour if it takes a push from others to get me going (question 16) and whether I have an obsessive mind (question 20). These questions which represents the test tries to circumscribe if I can motivate myself, control myself and if I can relate well with others.The idea of aroused Intelligence can be first traced on the work of Thorndike (1920) who theorized that intelligence is not only captive to academics but also includes emotional and social component (qtd. in Mandell & Pherwarni, 2003). Later, investigators like Guilford (1967) and H. Eysenck (1995) presented that intelligence is such a multifaceted construct that it is composed of one hundred and twenty varying types of intelligence (Lyusin, 2006). In 1971, Shanley, Walker, and Foley (1971) already hypothesized that social intelligence was distinct from academic intelligence, but could not support it with empirical evidence that emotional intelligence is a separate construct. This was later provided by Howard Gardner when he articulated his theory of multiple intelligences categorizing it as intra personal and interpersonal intelligences within within the framework

Improving Your Writing Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Improving Your Writing Skills - Essay ExampleThis study outlines that there are some(prenominal) issues that should be put into consideration. The writer should organize the discipline using a working(a) format. A functional format is an arrangement that goes through a sequence as per the material that is being presented for clarity and uncomplicated understanding. This should be followed by writing down of a draft that comprises of all the important parts of the information that is to be passed to the reader. The writing of a draft is an important process as it gives the writer the opportunity to ingest all the information that ought to be included, make changes through by removing or adding part of the document. Thus, only the relevant information gets the chance of being in the draft. It is after this process, that the final document for the reader is prepared. In revision to be a good business writer, good business writing skills are essential. Through this, professionalism is spy from either side. In this regard, a business document needs to be short and precise. This is because most lot who require this information do not have much time to go through retentive documents in search of the ideas that have been put down by the writers.

Is the Canadian Prime Minister, Stephen Harper too powerful Essay

Is the Canadian Prime Minister, Stephen Harper too powerful - Essay ExampleHarpers role as the prime minister of Canada grants him the ability to control the interactions of resources in foreign countries, for instance, aiding countries such(prenominal) as Israel in the past, and present. This non yet which presents the image of wealthy, authoritative force that dramatically affects not only his home country notwithstanding those countries outside of Canada.Harpers role as the prime minister of Canada grants him the ability to control the interactions of resources in foreign countries, for instance, aiding countries such as Israel in the past, and present. This not only which presents the image of wealthy, authoritative force that dramatically affects not only his home country but those countries outside of Canada. Ultimately, power is everything to most people. It is every politicians imagine to yield power over opposites. Harper rose to power in 2006 when his troupe formed th e government. In the 2011 elections, he formed a government which enjoys support in parliament. He controls both houses using his party, the ultraconservative party. He is in no doubt powerful and yields immense power more(prenominal) than any other prime minister before him. He enjoys massive support in parliament since his party has more members than any other party. He is allowed to appoint senators and he recently made appointments that increased the number of conservatives in the Senate. This has made it easier for him to control the Senate. Harper is also a party leader. He is the leader of the conservative party which gives him power because he is sufficient to control policies and tactics within the party. Parliamentarians allied to the party are saltation to party policies. Harpers ability to control the ability has also empowered him. He is able to decide what the media says about him. Harpers electric pig has the highest number of communication officials compared to any other administration before him.

Management and Graphical Front Ends Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management and lifelike Front Ends - Assignment ExampleMySQL is officially pronounced /maskjul/ (My S-Q-L),2 but is a lot also pronounced /masikwl/ (My Sequel). It is named for original developer Michael Widenius daughter My. The SQL phrase stands for organize Query Language.3The MySQL development project has made its source code available under the terms of the gnu General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL was owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now owned by Oracle Corporation.4Members of the MySQL confederacy have created several forks (variations) such as Drizzle, OurDelta, Percona Server, and MariaDB. All of these forks were in progress before the Oracle eruditeness Drizzle was announced eight months before the Sun acquisition.Free- software system projects that require a full-featured database management system often social occasion MySQL. Such projects include (for example) WordPress, p hpBB, Drupal and other software built on the LAMP software stack. MySQL is also apply in many high-profile, large-scale World Wide Web products, including Wikipedia, Google5 and Facebook.6MySQL is a popular choice of database for use in web applications, and is a central component of the widely used LAMP web application software stack the LAMP is an acronym for Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP. Its popularity is closely tied to the popularity of PHP. MySQL is used in some of the most frequently visited websites on the Internet, including Flickr, Facebook, Google though not for searches, Nokia.com and YouTube.MySQL works on many different system platforms, including AIX, BSD, FreeBSD, HP-UX, i5/OS, Linux, Mac OS X, NetBSD, Novell NetWare, OpenBSD, OpenSolaris, eComStation, OS/2 Warp, QNX, IRIX, Solaris, Symbian, SunOS, SCO OpenServer, SCO UnixWare, Sanos, Tru64 and Microsoft Windows.

Diabetes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Diabetes - Research Paper ExampleThe research report card shows the prevalence of the disease. It gives information on the age group race, ethnicity, physical structure size and sex that have high chances of are getting diabetes mellitus. The paper also highlights on some minor causes of diabetes mellitus, and the severe complications resulted from the disease if it is not diagnosed at an early stage.Diabetes mellitus cognize as diabetes is the number of chronically metabolic diseases that are identified by rise in glucose levels in the blood scientifically know as hyperglycemia (Chandalia at al., 2012). It may occur due to the pancreas producing unequal amount of insulin, defect in insulin action, or both. It is considered to be the seventh cause of death in fall in States. The food we consume is catalyzed to glucose which is utilized by the body to provide energy. Hormone insulin, which is synthesized by the beta cells of the pancreas, regulates cabbage levels in the blood. A ccording to LeRoith et al. (2004), this is achieved by assisting the glucose in circulating blood to enter the body cells (p.225). Once the glucose has entered the body cells it is used to synthesize energy that is used in all body functions. Long term hyperglycemia result to ailments of the coronary artery, increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as strokes, heart attack, angina and heart stroke and causes diseases associated with peripheral arteries (macro vascular) and also micro vascular complications in patients. In some cases, it also results in spurn limb amputation.The selective information received for statistics of the number of US residents that were diagnosed by diabetes and prediabetes in 2010 was derived by the Center for ailment Control and Prevention (CDC), National Patient Information Reporting System (NPIRS) and the United States renal data system of the national institute of health. The number of residential Americans aged 20 and above was 25.6 milli on which is

Paper on the Glass Castle, for communications class Essay - 1

Paper on the Glass Castle, for communions class - Essay ExampleAn individual may talk compellingly but and then that individual will surely not have the success in making the variation in the course of his/her colloquy/interpersonal because of the opinion getting firm. Just like Daniel Dunn has specifically discussed in his carry named Communication, that interpersonal communication frequently be unsuccessful among the persons because of the errors. As she presented her real-life understanding and different experiences that she had with her family. Comparable object lesson has been brought into being in the book by the author where she has undergo an end to the communication with her family and parents for the reason that they never tried to understood her meanings of issues she had (Walls 136). Danielle Dunn pointed out in his research that at times an individual or a group of people carry their opinion established in a dense manner that affects the communication space. In Glas s Castle the author remarks that at times she still even felt indefensible and weak in explaining her ideas to her parents regardless of their improved point of education. This was purely because of the opinion which made their interpersonal communication unsuccessful. In accumulation, non-verbal communication leaves an intense shock on the receiver. In the case of Walls family angiotensin-converting enzyme can say that this was not as much expected to take place because of the less pertain of parents towards their children being alcoholic (Walls 147).The writer took the advantage and used the autobiographical rule/style to achieve the by-line of readers. After reading a conversion of the story, I observed that the attitude of the writer is a post simple, obvious and less touching which means that it completely depends up on the reader to make his/her thought concerning the happening of the occurrence which Walls family had experienced. The major reason of the writer to pick

Support use of the medication. Essay Example for Free

Support subroutine of the medicine. Essay1. Identify legislation that governs the example of practice of medicine in the social disturbance settings.The Medicines Act 1968, the defame of Drugs Act 1971 (and later amendments), the Misuse of Drugs (Safe Custody) Regulations 1973 (and later amendments), the Health and Safety at Work Act (1974), COSHH, the rational Capacity Act (2005) the Access to health records Act (1990), the Data Protection Act (1998) plus par legislation.2. Outline the legal classification system for medication.The classification of medicines ar all related to the medicines act 1968, speckle working with medication it is good to have an understanding and working knowledge of the commons types of medication by training that should be provided by you company that you work for. 3. explicate how and why policies and cognitive processs or agreed shipway of working must reflect and incorporate legislative requirements. The polices and procedures are put in place to perk up sure that legislation is being followed so that all people in the setting, staff and the people who drive care are being cared for are safe, all needs are being met, inclusive action and diversity is being followed out and that the setting is staying inwardly the law. They must reflect on legislation so that the polices and procedures are correct and are the correct way of doing things. For example if a health and safety procedure was put in place and was non inline with legislation then this could cause the setting to get in trouble with the law and could cause harm to the person who was in need of health and safety requirements could fuck off harmed.Read more Essay AboutAdminister medicine and Monitor the Effects4. Identify common types of medication.Antibiotics, neuroleptic agent and anti depressants.5. List conditions for which each type of medication whitethorn be prescribed?Antibiotics They clear be use to treat relatively mild conditions such as acne as well as potentially life-threatening conditions such as pneumonia.Antipsychotic medications are often prescribed for the discussion of bipolar disorder. Psychotic symptoms are common in bipolar I disorder, and antipsychotic medications are the standard intervention for these symptoms. There are also some antipsychotic that have direct effects on monomania and/or depression and are therefore used as mood stabilizers.Anti depressants Antidepressants are used to treat several conditions. They include, but are not limited to depression, generalized anxiety disorder, agitation, obsessive despotic disorders (OCD), manic-depressive disorders, childhood enuresis (bedwetting), major depressive disorder, , naturopathic pain, social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).6. Describe changes to an individuals personal or mental well being that may indicate an untoward reaction to the medication.Antibiotics possible adverse reactionsBeing sickfeeling sickdiarrhoe abloating and indigestion abdominal painloss of appetite.Antipsychotic possible adverse reactions.Stiffness and shakiness this rump often be reduced by labored the dose. However, if a high dose is necessary, the shakiness can be treated with the same kind of medication that is used for Parkinsons disease. Uncomfortable restlessness (akathisia)Persistent abnormal movement, usually of jaw, lips and tongue () Make the trouble worse before it makes it better.Anti depressants possible adverse reactions.SSRIs and SNRIsCommon side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin- reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) include feeling sickdiarrhoea or constipationdizziness wry spill the beansfeeling agitated or shakynot sleeping well (insomnia) or, alternatively, feeling truly sleepy loss of appetiteexcessive sweating7. Describe the roles and responsibilities of those involved in prescribing dispensing and reinforcement use of medication.The prescriber must be trained fi tly (may be a GP or nurse prescriber for example) and modify themselves as required by any professional body that they might belong to prescriptions should be compose clearly, ensuring the patient understands any side effects and the reasons for the prescription be given to them and how long they should take it for. Medication should only be prescribed after careful consideration of the patients best interests. The prescriber should have ingress to the nigh up to date version of the British National Formulary (BNF).Dispensing must also be appropriately trained, follow safe systems of work and understand the side effects of various drugs be able to access appropriate information and understand when to access advice or further information (the dispenser may not unavoidably be a trained pharmacist but should be working alongside one). By supporting medication this is through side by side(p) care plans or support plans staying with the person to support them to take it utilise a ppropriate equipment (spoon etc) and a drink of water or any other way to help the medication go down like a yoghurt and of course reassuring communication.8. Explain were responsibilities lie in relation to use of over the counter remedies and supplementsMany medicines can be purchased through wholesalers and retail outlets by anyone. People may decide to buy and keep remedies to take themselves, including herbal remedies and products that they purchase from other countries. When the care provider keeps a range of unornamented remedies, it is care workers who will decide whether to give them to a occupant or not. Homely remedies are used to provide immediate relief for mild to moderate symptoms.They are treatments that people would use themselves without consulting their GP, for example to treat toothache or indigestion. These medicines are potent and may interact with medicines that the doctor has prescribed for residents. The care provider is under no obligation to provide thi s treatment. But if homely remedies are purchased for occasional use by residents, the care provider must have a create verbally policy that details the following which medicines are kept for immediate relief of mild symptoms that a resident may choose to self-treat in their own home the indications for offering the medicines the dose to give and how often it may be repeated before referring to the residents doctor how to establish with the residents GP that the remedies will not interact with other prescribed medicines how to obtain the residents consent to treatment that the doctor has not prescribed how the administration will be recorded.9. Describe the routes by which medication can be administered.OralNasalTransdermalRectalsub-cutaneousintra-muscularintravenous10. Describe different forms in which medication may be presented.tablet or capsulesublingual (SL) under the tonguebuccal in the cheekSuppositoryvaginal per vagina (PV) inserted in the vaginarectal per rectum (P R) inserted in the rectuminhalation inhaled through the nose or mouthaerosol -spray (fluid) nebulizer device used to produce a fine spray or mist, often in a metered dose (fluid) intradermal within the flakeintramuscular within the muscleintravenous within the veinsubcutaneous under the skinRelated to skintopical applied to the surface of the skin cream, lotion, ointment transdermal absorption of drug through unbroken skin.11. Describe materials and equipment that can assist in administering medication.GlovesApronsSpoonsMedication potsSyringesInhalersPeg tubes.12. Explain the importance of the following principles in the use of medication.Consent, self administration, dignity and cover and confidentiality. If someone self-medicates or is actively encouraged to participate in the whole process of taking their medication, depending on their ability, e.g. knowing when they need to repeat their prescription, knowing the time to take theirmeds, or getting a frappe of water to t ake their tablets then they are being empowered to be active in the process, not a passive recipient who has no understanding/control over a part of their life, its to the highest degree being person-centred, doing things with the individual, promoting their independence, feelings of self-worth esteem, hopefully less chance of mistakes being made. An individuals right to have their dignity privacy respected, following organisations Policies Procedures, National Standards, Codes of Conduct, Essential Standards of Quality Safety, this also relates to consent (Mental Capacity Act 2005) the right to confidentiality (Data Protection Act.)13. Explain how risk assessment can be used to promote an individuals independence in managing medication.You have to guess how a risk assessment finds the best way to manage something so that the individual is as breakaway as possible. For example it can find the best equipment for the individual to use to take a still medication foe example a spoon, cup, syringe etc so that they dont have to rely on others. Or it can reveal the individuals ability to remember what to take and when to take it.

Creative Play Essay Example for Free

fanciful Play establishCreative development is impartd within context of uses through role pretend, music, dance and messy activities. Creativity toilet staunch to a range of other things to, such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as problem solving, knowledge and understanding of the world, Personal neighborly and emotional development and physical development. When creative activities ar set out for clawren they can gain a great deal of satisfaction and it can increase the childs confidence and self esteem.Children do not necessarily have an end product in mind but they may retributive want to research and enjoy the creative materials they are using. Children are learning all the time and we as practitioners need to make learning fun and enjoyable. It is important that we provide enough opportunities for children to develop creatively we can do this by providing resources that they may not have access to at home and offering rear in exploring these materials. A s practitioners we are good observers and reflectors and should encourage children to reflect on their experiences to.From childrens reflections you can then(prenominal) look at where an activity should go next and how you can adapt that activity to support the undivided childs learning. Children can learn from as young as briskborn. They begin to learn skills such as grasp, facial expression, textures, smells and sounds. The first sign of a childs creativity begins with exploring sounds and listening to old(prenominal) voices around them. They may link these sounds to key people such as their parents, siblings, grandparents or carers.The process of a newborn is to become familiar with its surroundings and to sense a gain of belonging. They can gain this from stick to with its parents. As the child gets older they begin to learn new skills and have more opportunities in which they are able to explore. They become more inquisitive and like to have free flow of activities within the setting they are in and practitioners need to encourage them to explore the surroundings without taking charge of their put to work.For babies we offer opportunities for them to explore a wide range of materials and resources such as musical and light toys and natural holistic objects such as brushes, wool, saucepans, utensils, wood, sponges and a range of different textured fabrics. Babies use the senses to acquire the skills of convey they explore by using their hands and eyes. Children gradually learn to understand the properties of the objects that they played with whether they are hard or soft, or big or small whether the have a ight or a wrong steering up whether their shape changes or stays the same whether they taste or smell good, and so on. Babies learn so much from exploratory play and we as practitioners provide them with a safe and secure place to do this. We let the children take risks which they may not be able to do at home such as having out blunt cutlery, p asta and other exciting and interesting objects in which they can play with and learn from. Children are more likely to learn through play if you make it exciting for them and you benefactor in supporting their play.When supporting children within their play you should aim to provide minimum intervention in childrens play activities while keeping them safe from harm. You should support rather than direct their play and attend create a play environment that will stimulate their self directed play and provide maximum opportunities for them to experience a wide variety of activities. You can show support within childrens play by providing flexible planning and enable them to choose from a broad range of play opportunities both indoors and outdoors.You should support their play by giving the child a choice of whether or not they wish to be involved in the play activity. By giving the child push-down stack of space to play especially when they are taking part in physical and imaginati ve play and to provide challenging play opportunities to avoid boredom risk taking is part of the enjoyment of play. Creative play allows children to express their feelings through art, music, role play, singing and story telling. It is important that as practitioners we introduce new concepts of play to children in order to expand on their existing knowledge.When supporting a child in creative play practitioners should not stress that they are to produce an end product, and that there is no arguing to who produces the best piece of work as children develop at different levels and stages. Practitioners should support the fact that the child has had a learning experience whether they have just explored the resources and materials or they have reached the end product. All children should be praised for the efforts they have made and feel pride in what they have achieved and learnt and we should support children in not world disappointed in their efforts of creative play.Childrens cr eative development is broken down into 4 sections these are responding to experiences, expressing and communicating ideas, exploring media and materials, Creating music and dance and developing imagination and imaginative play. Children need the opportunity to explore and canvas and have a sound knowledge of where they want to go in life. Creativity can feature your child a chance to experience and develop new skills and sharing their knowledge and skills with others It is a way in which children explore and develop an understanding of the world.Through creative play children develop social, material, and imaginary worlds and their relationships with them, they clarify all the while a flexible range of responses to the challenges that they may encounter. Creativity plays a part in all the learning areas within the foundation stage for example Personal, social and emotional development, creativity builds upon a childs curiosity and encourages a positive approach to new experiences .

Switching From a Trimester Academic Calendar To a Semester Academic Calendar Essay Example for Free

shift From a Trimester Academic Calendar To a Semester Academic Calendar EssayPart 1 insertionBackground of the Study The trimester chopine has normally been implemented to attention students learn in a attractions faster way in consideration with the term and the finances that would be involved within the perusal periods that the eruditeness process in trimester universities offer. For several years now, the industrialized and top hop oned countries around the world fork over effectively adapted to this situation way of attainment. In fact, many among the students within the said countries be open to apply their learned skills abruptly after attending school. However, there be also virtually risks that the architectural plan line regulators face in implementing this particular cartridge holder-controlling procedure of development among students. Of course, as said previous, in terms of time and finances, trimester certainly gains advantage, however, the ques tions are, are the students study the important points of the courses that they enroll into in such a short interbreed of time?Are the teachers adequate to(p) to impart to their students the about important part of the lessons that they teach? Could it be that the students charter more time to learn their professions for application ulterior on? What are the results of the said learning outline in the working industry and how does it affect the causeance of the national economy? These questions primarily brocaded the possibilities of some universities aiming to switch their academician calendar to semester programs.Statement of the Problem Considering the facts mentioned above, it should then be clear that there are necessary elements that contribute to student learning procedures that need attention in pursuing the switching of academic calendars from trimester to semester program offerings of certain universities.The rapprochement of the views with regards the effectiven ess of educational planning and presentation to the students is indeed one of the almost serious issues faced by the different departments devoted to educational advancements. The question then is that What academic schedule is really much more practical between the trimestral and the semestral programs offered within universities? Giving importance to this particular issue is a necessary for the advancement of the implication of education among the different institutions around the country.MethodologiesTo be capable to come up with a considerably amiable plan in acquiting with the situation raised herein, it is necessary to consider some certain discussions that would be presented within the paragraphs that follow. This would be done through look into and interview among the major educational administrations that are most likely associateed with the issue being dealt with by the author of this study.Part 2 Data Collection and DiscussionThe Advantages and Disadvantages of a Tri mester program The trimester program, as mentioned earlier has primarily been designed in assisting students who are preempted to be fast learners to attain a degree in college in a much faster procedure, reducing the time and the finances that they are to use to be able to finish their studies. To expand this particular part of the discussion, the finances shall be broken down to categories that would genuinely show the large amount of money saved by students and their parent under a trimester programBoarding and Miscellaneous ExpensesSince each trimester is cut back to three months, the expenses that the students would be salaried for their dormitories or boarding houses would be reduced as well. Aside from this, the miscellaneous fees and expenses that the students spend while staying within the university would also be reduced in large amount.Tuition Fee PaymentsSince through the trimester program, the years spent with the school days are reduced the compensation for the tu ition fees are then paid fast frankincense reducing the worries of the parents for paying long term tuition fee rates. When it comes to studying as it is, this lawsuit of academic calendar hosts for the most part academic activities and lesser extra curricular activities to help the students focus on their subjects. Most likely, students of this type of program are expected to love the pressure that they are facing in school. The consuming of time at the exceed possible way is what is implemented in the universities that adapt to this type of educational process. On the other hand, teachers who are under this particular system also feel the pressure of stretching the time that has been attached to them to discuss their lessons with their students. Most likely, what the teachers do is to give handouts to their students, stack them up with family unitwork and do minimal discussions in class. Preempting that their students would do well in studying by themselves and bringing out the main idea of the lessons in the classrooms, the educators settle for simple classroom recitations to base their evaluations of the students capabilities of learning as well as the effectiveness of their tenet procedures. Most likely, the teachers are forced to concise their lessons into the most basic interpretations that they could make to help their students understand. In this case, they are not able to flavor up the discussion to help the students not merely understand but break-dance apply the lessons that they learn from school. By this fact, it could be noted that the teachers are hold in in pursuing their passion for teaching as they are held tight by schedule of compliancy to the deadlines that they are accustomed to meet.The Advantages and Disadvantages of a Semester Program Semester programs are divided in quaternity months per academic calendar. The four months are usually aided with several extra curricular activities that are aimed to help the students loosen up form the pressures that they receive from completing their projects in school. The extra curricular activities are also aimed in conclusion other potentials of the students in performing their best possible abilities for the sake of the goodness of their personality development. The educators in this type of learning are tangiblely involved in a more controllable time in their own discretion. They have more time to spend with their students in helping them cope up with the subjects oddly if they are having a hard time understanding the lessons on their own. It is through this procedure of learning and teaching that the educators are able to give ample time to individual students in treating their difficulties in certain subjects. This is most especially effective in dealing with students who have a different lecture that the actual language being used as a medium of communication in the university. As for example, the American alliance holds at least 48% of its university p opulation devoted to assisting minorities in their learning. Primarily, the students that they deal with have different languages of origin. Hence, learning using the side of meat language as a medium may not be that clean for them to face as a challenge to their abilities of comprehending to the lessons presented to them. This does not mean that they are less intelligent than that of the English natives. However, because of the fact that they have lesser training in using the English language, they are less able to understand the gist of the lessons that are presented to them in the universities. In this setting, the educators are able to give assistance to their students at the best possible way they could as they try different alternatives to help minorities understand their lessons better. The extra time that they could use to assist students certainly allows the teachers the chance to bring the best out of their learners. Although when it comes to learning procedures, the sem ester program of learning is amiably considerably advantageous for the learning progress of the students, the said system of academic character edition is much disadvantageous when it comes to the financing of the expenses that are presumably to become a must in the lives of the students while they are staying in school. The tuition fee payments are also at some point easier to deal with in terms of the space of time allotted for them to prepare for the amount needed to be paid.What the exchange of Academic Calendar Could Do Knowing the advantages and the disadvantages of two academic calendar adaptations, it could be observed that both of them have their own leverage against the other. When it comes to the trimestral program the time and finances are given up higher concern while the semestral programs on the other hand give much focus on the learning progress of the students.If the aim of education is to be considered closely, it could be seen that the main mission of educati ng students is to help them understand the lessons in the best way that they could in order for them to have a better application of the ideas in the actual practice in their employments later on. In this regard, the semestral program implication appears to be much practical. Hence, the avocation of switching of the trimester program to the semester program is given closer concern and focus by some educational administrators.In terms of Budget and Financial IssuesFrom a trimestral setting, the parents and the students themselves would have a better control of their figure since the length of time given for them to complete the payment responsibilities that they have to the universities. Although in terms of boarding expenses the payment may not be that low, the adjustment of the activities that the students engage with may do the trick of reducing and balancing both time and budget that are allotted for the time of learning that they are supposed to complete.teacher or Educator Ad justmentsTrimestral teachers are to be given a lengthened chance of reevaluating their teaching lesson plans thus be able to recreate their system in assisting the students individually in their studies. They could then a lot more time in discussing their lessons in class rather than just sending the works to their students for home completion. Recitation activities are still applicable however the time could be extended as length of days that certain activities and lessons are to be hosted by the educators to help their students comprehend with the gist ideas of the lessons.Student tuition Capabilities and PressuresThe time that is given for students to have ample chance of learning their lessons could actually be turned into a more productive time that would assist the students develop several other skills that they could apply in their jobs later on. Most likely, this situation helps them asses themselves as to how much pressure they are able to tolerate and still perform at the ir best.For those students who belong with the minority of the population could then be assisted in understanding their lessons better through continuous practice of the usage of the language. The lack of too much pressure in evaluate all the necessary lessons could be noted as a way by which the students are given leeway in practicing the knowledge that they are able to gain form the universities.Part 3 finale From this discussion, it could be noted that trimester and semester programs are able to get the best out the students in several slipway of consideration. Trimestral program adaptation could be applied in universities that are giving educational assistance to the above average intellect students.This is primary because of the fact that the pressures of learning in this particular procedure of academic calendar setting could cause the minorities a hardship in comprehending with the major points of the lessons that they are supposed to be learning from their educators. In a pplying the semester program, the educators are able to give attention to each individual students progress in learning their lessons. The time that they could spend in the learning processes would indeed allow them to find the best ways by which they could apply their lessons in actual procedures of practice in the future.ReferencesWashington State high Education Coordinating Board. (2000). WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY ACADEMIC CALENDAR Semesters vs. Quarters. http//www.hecb.wa.gov/Docs/reports/WSUcalendar12-2000.pdf. (July 12, 2007)U.S. Office of Education Circular no. 248, November 15, 1948.DH News Service, Bangalore. (2007). No word yet on timing, semester system. CITY SCHOOLS REOPEN, TEACHERS IN DARK OVER GOVT PROPOSALS. http//www.deccanherald.com/ content/May292007/national200705294376.asp?section=frontpagenews. (July 12, 2007)Gall. Chapter 2. Developing A Research Proposal.Stringer. Chapter 3. Initiating a Study Research Design.

Represent men and women Essay Example for Free

re throw men and women Es learnThrough the course of British history, the group in proponent has had agree over communication. In this case and nearly it is the antheral gender that maintains comptroller of communication, which is why thither atomic number 18 or so(prenominal)(prenominal) injustices in the English language towards the way that men and women ar represented. There argon language injustices towards gender, which include, forms of phone, generic wines and derogatory bounds as well as loaded language and gender based suffixes. Since we move over entirely inherited this sexist language instead of creating it, we should surely non be perpetuating out-of date archaic language. numerous of these issues need to be addressed if we are to neutralise gender stereotypes and maintain equality amongst both sexes. The issues drop be noted in such minor parts of grammar such as pronouns but these are quite important in representing gender. A perfect example of this is in phrase his and hers (normally referring to something such as bath robes belonging to a couple). Here the masculine pronoun his is placed before the feminine pronoun. Many could say that this is sexist but it exclusively is due to the history of male domination in the English language.This proves the Reflectionist mold, which utter that language was a symptom rather than a ca practise of social divisions. However, in some ship canal language could too be a cause of social divisions. This would only be the case afterwards language was a symptom of Social divisions. For example, the female under-representation in language is ca apply by the male control (symptom). However, the language therefore makes women feel excluded (cause). Brooks (1983), Dayhoff (1983), Hyde (1984) all researched the reaction to the idea of the generic he, where the default on assertion is that someone is male or masculine.Their research suggests that men feel included and women feel exclude d, in some cases alienated. The generic he is the theory that he has gained common fashion through history. However, the common usage of this line can cause women to feel excluded by the term, men to feel subject to prejudicial treatment by language (i. e. when talking about criminals, drug-users etc), men to be seen as the standard by which we moldiness esteem everything (default assumption). Furthermore, gender stereotypes ordain carry on existing unless the generic he and default assumption are changed to reach a more neutral standpoint.This is why one has to specify when not following the default assumption, such as in the cases of male nurses and lady doctors. Mackay and Fulkerson also noted in 1979 that women rarely judged clock times, which contained the generic he although they referred intentionally to women. This was even the case when the examples suggested female such as a nurse must frequently help his patients out of bed. In some ways this suggests that universe y women throw become attached to the idea of the generic he. However, one done a year earlier by Moulton, Robinson and Elias contradicted this research theory.They asked a number of students to write brief stories about masses mentioned in stimulus sentences. On some of the students they utilise a sentence containing the generic he and on the new(prenominal)s they used a sentence, which didnt. They prove that the ones who read the sentence containing the generic he more often wrote about male characters than the others. However, when I performed this experiment along with my variety we found no real difference. This original theory could be wrong, but I think that they waste simply over-generalised since the effect of the generic he can depend on the person or passel in question.What is important, however, is that the generic he is offensive to both men and women and so it usage should therefore be restricted or prevented. Many believe that the best option should be too avo id criminal offence by not using single sex terms where necessary and try to be politically correct towards language representation. However, although political correctness is intended to be polite and respectful it can wait to be parodic and often hyperbolic. Thus, there are often mockeries of politically correct language, which suggest that some people are unwilling to inherit it.For example, sometimes lyric poem such as camerawoman deliverywoman are used in order to seem politically correct. Unfortunately, both seem humorous as the syllabacy (in the case of deliverywoman) or the usage (in the case of camerawoman) seems unusual and slightly ridiculous. People have become so familiar with the use of -man on the end of many row that it is pronounced as m(a)n instead of m(ae)n. Subsequently, some people believe that -man is a suffix and not a word because of the change in pronunciation.For many this is why -woman sounds inappropriate as -man has had a pronounced change to form a suffix whereas -woman is already said as wom(a)n so it will be harder for it to change in to a suffix. This seems to be why the feminine suffixes -ess and -ette as in actress and usherette. However, these sort of terms can seem derogatory and diminutive because they are following the generic he and therefore have to create feminine term for such unisex occupations as actors, ushers and authors. Surely, the first male term should be kept and applied to both sexes.Some professions already have a planetary name such as in the case of Doctors and writers although when describing a female in one of these professions, some may say lady doctors or women writers. There are also the odd occasions when man is a prefix such as in mankind. In reality this word should be adapt to humankind to maintain a neutral meaning Furthermore, it is important to use neutral words in this society to maintain equality between the two sexes. Therefore, words such as chairman should be changed to chairperson or chairholder and fireman should be changed to fire fighter.The supreme effability principle states that language can verbalize any thought or meaning, which humans may want to communicate. This is why vocabulary is constantly creation developed to reflect new ideas advances. This would mean that people would begin to use more neutral words and phrases as the stress for gender equality continues in modern society. This idea of course feeds back to Edward Sapir and Franz Boas Reflectionist model in that the language will become more neutral towards gender as society does.However, forms of address still seem to be archaic in modern day society and only lately have people attempted to rectify it. For example, the female title Ms was introduced quite recently to create a female term with the same semantics as the male equivalent Mr. Before the creation of this word, women had to use the terms Mrs or miss. These would signify the womans married which was unfair when the men only had o ne single term so they could hide their own marital status. So, the phrase Mr and Mrs is pejorative to the woman, as they have to show their marital status yet their husband does not.An preference to this phrase would be Mr and Ms. The phrase ladies and gentlemen is also unjust as it refers to women in a neutral way and men in a complimentary, hyperbolic way. To combat this an alternative would be Lords and ladies or something to a similar effect. The couplet of words master and mistress used to have equal meanings when established but now the masculine word master has developed connotations of power and control (this explains the verb to master) whereas the feminine word mistress has had a semantic change and developed sexual connotations.This phrase should simply be avoided since it has been used for centuries and will soon be archaic as the meanings of the two words are so different. As Shirley and Edwin Ardener researched, the male gender have been in a position of power and so have developed injustices in the English language such as the abundance of words describing which have sexual connotations. D. Bolinger did a test to compare the connotations of words that described men and women.I followed this idea and found out that about 50% of the words chosen for women had sexual connotations whereas it was only about 25% for men. linguistic process like slut tart babe were copious in the list of words describing women This shows that womens sexuality is over-represented in language whereas forms of address for women are seriously limited On the other hand mens sexuality is under-represented in language whereas forms of address for men are almost over-represented. This is all due to the fact men held the power to control language through English history.In truth more words with positive connotations will begin to spring up which describe women as the weight of equality shifts to the middle. However, part of the reason that there are still so many words descr ibing womens sexuality is because the media still include many derogatory terms relating to womens sexuality. The television, radio, newspapers, films and magazines still include the sexuality of women since it includes loaded language relating to sex that interests the public.On the other hand, newspapers should avoid infanticization by using derogatory terms like sex kitten when describing women. This seems to unjust since these types of terms would not be used on men since these terms fit the female stereotype. They are normally infanticizing diminutives, which also have sexual connotations. Furthermore, less words describing men as the dominant sex should be used and newspapers should avoid using words describing mens sexuality that are almost complimentary such as a stud.English language does have many gender injustices, according to forms of address, affixes, pronouns and generic descriptions. These all have words that portray men in a more positive light than women. However, unlike most other romance languages, English is far more neutral in the fact that words do not have gender. This means words cannot be associated with a certain gender only their meaning can. Furthermore, most of the problems can be easily fixed as the language evolves.

Altruism in humans Essay Example for Free

selflessness in humans EssayCalvin et al (1987) proposed a more stingy view of assistanceing, stressing that hatful help others to avoid feeling sad (a negative read) and because it makes them feel good about themselves. This is called the Negative State balance (NSR) model. It doesnt matter whether the negative affect ( temper) is caused by witnessing the distress of the victim or whether the helper was already in bad sense of humor. Either way, you help to improve your own mood. Adults may internalise the reward of doing good. . Therefore, adults in a bad mood may help in order to alleviate their negative state.However if people can relieve their negative mood through some other source (such as audition a good joke or getting some money) then they do not make to help. Effect of Mood Enhancement (EME) study A variation on Batsons research was carried. Those participants in the heights empathy group (i. e. those who shared in the same opinions as Elaine or Charlie) wer e offered some cash during the experiment. Accordingly, they helped less-their negative state at seeing Elaine or Charlie suffer was diminished by the cash.The reduction of their negative state in this was meant that they didnt have to help reduce their negative feelings (conclusion). Its been found in numerous studies that being in a good mood results in more pro-social behaviour. Research have found people to be more helpful after listening to comedy, smelling pleasant odours, after finding money or by going outside on sunny days (Boron and Byrne,199. ). However if people feel their good mood will be affected by helping then they are more likely to not help and walk. Artificial studies all testing ground studies are extremely artificial and lack ecological validity. behaviour in the real world is subject to many other factors, such as social and ethnic influences on behaviour none of which are explored in these lab settings. Therefore it is difficult to generalise lab findings to a wider context. People have criticised Cialdini et al for proposing to negative a view of human behaviour. However the selfish view of human behaviour might be right. ) Helping does help negative state its not in dispute those helping others/ another person in need does lead to an improved mood for the helper. So it has face validity.

Russian Cuisine Essay Example for Free

Russian Cuisine EssayFood traditions be vary around the globe. s fall downly people start the day with a difficult eat, some eat a light breakfast, headspring for me I dont even eat breakfast some cartridge holders. Others have a heavy luncheon or heavy supper. Russians have a long cultural history that stretches back centuries. Their fare traditions are not that diametrical from many other European cultures, entirely they do have their differences. Breakfast Generally, a traditional Russian breakfast is warm and healthy. Most Russians start the day with fine, rich and diverse foods. Porridge is one of the more frequent traditional Russian breakfasts. Its quick and easy to make, and can be blended with fruits. Porridge goes well with other breakfast foods such as eggs. Eggs are served scrambled or fried and often are apply in sandwiches with total. Pancakes with butter, sour cream or jam are popular. For drinks, fairly strong coffee or tea is served. Lunch Lunch is sim ilar to many European cultures that call for a heavy lunch during the busiest time of the day to keep energy levels high. A three-course lunch is traditional in Russia.Soup usually begins the meal. Traditional Russian soups include borscht, solvanka, rassolnik, okroshka, and mushroom soup. After soup, a meat dish is served. Popular meat dishes include beef goulash, stroganoff, pork chops, goose with apples, and stuffed cabbage rolls. The meat dish is served with salads and a large incline dish. A traditional Russian side dish may include potatoes, pasta or porridge. Potatoes are fried and heavy, and the porridge usually is made of buckwheat. Dessert is light it often is a glass of tea or a piece of fruit. Midday pungencyA midday snack (or poldnik) is an important part of Russian tradition. Its typically eaten after or at the end of work to hold one over until supper time. A traditional poldnik consists of a collection of fruit, or fruit salad, combined with cake, crackers or toas t. Its typically something light and healthy. However, more modern poldniks consist of variety of foods, such as coffee and a sandwich or a light salad. Supper In Russia, supper time is when the family sits down, relaxes and talks about the day. The structure of supper is similar to the structure of dinner, but there usually is no soup.Similar meat dishes are eaten at supper, and the side dish is similar. However, supper is the time when Russians pay more attention to dessert. Traditional Russian desserts range from various pancakes, rasstegai and kulebiakato ice cream, fruits and tarts. Night Snack After supper but several hours before bed, Russians enjoy a light evening snack. Most of the food and calories for the day have been eaten in earlier meals. A light night snack keeps people outlet until bedtime. A night snack is something such as yogurt or kefir. Fruit also is a common night snake. Thankyou (bo ga de lu)

O Father, Where Art Thou Essay Example for Free

O Father, Where Art Thou analyzeThe article, O Father, Where Art Thou? which was written by Joshua Alston and published in Newsweek last May, basically explained that the tactual sensation that most lightlessness spawns ar irresponsible parents is not entirely true. According to the author, while statistics show that on that point is an alarming rate of faint children living in homes without a father50 percent, it doesnt unavoidably mean that all down(p) fathers are the same. In fact, Alston wrote that there are a number of black fathers who are responsible parents and who have been supportive and caring for their children even in the most unstable and fickle situations. This, according to the author, is greatly illustrated in Tal-Nehsi Coates memoir, A Beautiful Struggle, in which he depicted how his black father, Paul, was a source of stability in security in a community where violence is rampant. Moreover, Alston claimed that the image of black fathers were signific antly tainted by songs and shows such as Papa Was A Rolling Stone and The Maury Show, which some(prenominal) portrayed, in a way, that black men are bad fathers and, as a result, gave rise to the damaging views towards them.On the other hand, the problem with most black fathers, according to the author, is that they think they equate being a successful parent to making a lot of money or being a breadwinner. Therefore, if black fathers arent able to substantially provide for their families, they opt to leave home instead of having their pride hurt. found on the article, this is what people like Coates are trying to change. According to him, black fathers shouldnt be make to feel like failures just because they arent living to the role of breadwinner.Coates similarly claimed that being a father also entails love, leadership, and teaching his children values and lessons in life. In his memoir, Coates wrote that he was raised well by his father, which also enabled him to develop his critical thinking. In short, according to the author, in order to reduce the number of black fathers who are absent in their homes, people should view them in a different light and look at the other aspects of their lives instead of just focusing on their inability to provide for their families.

Professional goals Essay Example for Free

Professional goals Es several(prenominal)izeCargoner or craft is a term used to refer to a persons course or forwarding in life. Career involves remunerative flirt as well as formal education. It also involves succeeding(prenominal) circumstances that make up an individuals stool life and involve commitment to a field of knowledge and skills like human resource anxiety. Some of the career activities that an individual may go in include sporting career, musical career, teaching, wrestling career, doctor, nurse, engineering, editor, business manager, method of chronicle system, journalist, lawyer e. . c. This essay merely involves a discussion on news report career.Most jobs in accounting career require at to the lowest mark(prenominal) degree in bachelor of accounting or a bachelors degree in any other interrelated field. In federal government, beginners in accounting and auditing places necessitate at least four years of college education including twenty four sem ester hours in accounting and auditing or a match arrangement of education and knowledge (Angus 387).There is however an added advantage for people seeking jobs in accounting career and have acquired a know degree in accounting or degree of masters in business administration with awareness in accounting, professional recognition through certification or licensure, propensity in accounting and auditing computer software and specialized expertise in accounting. The reason for selecting accounting as my career is that the jobs found in the accounting career are enjoyable, evoke and entertaining to perform.The realize may be much and tiring but does not involve boredom as it involves doing interesting activities such as calculating financial statements. It is enjoyable doing accounting activities being my dream career. The pace of work of an control depends on the position and responsibilities one has to perform. Generally the work standard for several accountants and auditors is fo rty hours per week, so far an accountant or an auditor may work for more hours especially if he or she is self employed or if there are many clients.In this situation the pace of work must(prenominal) be very fast. Persons who work within the accounting career have a very level-headed starting salary. For example in most cases the top ten percent of accountants and auditors do earn from 76000 US dollars and above, the middle half of the occupation earn between 29000 and 49000 US dollars while those who are at the privy earns between 15000 and 23000 US dollars. The directors in the accounting career on the other hand earn between 56000 and 91000 US dollars.There is however a slight difference in the salary ranges between the accountants in urban areas and those in rural areas. Generally the salary for people in the accounting career ranges from 15000 to 91000 US dollars depending on the nature of your work (Eisenbeis Robert 879). The most identifiable challenge faced in this pr ofession is that the accounting career now requires the accountants to perform more technical tasks including implementing, controlling and auditing computer systems and networks as well as developing a businesss technology course of studys.In addition, accountants take the role of personal advisors i. e. anyhow giving customers accounting and tax help, they also assist them come up with their personal budgets, handle their assets and investments, plan for retirement and identify and reduce the clients disclosure to risks. Another problem experienced in this profession is that it at times involves a lot of work that at times an accountant is forced to transfer many work to do at home. This however may easily dealt with since it involved only time try-on and some program change.Accountants usually carry on many activities other than just preparing financial statements and written text business transactions. The additional responsibilities for an accountant include calculating co mputing costs, calculating efficiency gains for new technologies, active in the setup for achievements and unions and developing it systems to trail financial performance, tax policy and employee benefit management. As a management accountant working in a big company my responsibilities included having a say in decisions concerning capital budgeting and business analysis.The major activities that I had to engage in included analyzing costs and contracts, participating in efforts to reduce expenses, contributing to major business decisions and working together with marketing and financial managers to throw new businesses (Luck Christopher 78). In management accounting there are several decisions to be made that are major to the business operations. The most difficult decisions to make in this case were those relating to capital budgeting.The management accountant finds it difficult to make decisions on purchases, payments and the amount of capital to be allocated for any expendit ure that has to be made. When freshman considering the accounting career, I thought it was just about gaining a qualification and becoming an accountant. It is true however that one can acquire a degree in accounting and become a ecumenical accountant, but this remains only one of the alternatives that an individual may follow in his or her hunting of accounting career.Other than pursuing a degree in bachelor of accounting, there are several other specialist areas one may pursue. Some of the specialist areas are information systems, computer operations, taxation, and management policy. My strength in this career is that I got a full qualification from my bachelors degree in accounting with an added advantage of having professional recognition through certification and licensure, proficiency in accounting and auditing computer software and a specialized expertise in accounting.In addition I had the work experience which I had acquired during summers when I was pursuing my degree. My weakness in this career is that accountants are now undeniable to take the role of personal advisors to clients which I am not very comfortable with. Conclusion business relationship is indeed a very fulfilling and accomplishing career. It is a career that anybody interested in achieving may enjoy undertaking. so far though, the entry in the accounting career requires high academic qualification, it is also well paying which and thusly gives enough satisfaction.

My Life Alert Bracelet Essay Example for Free

My liveness Alert watch bracelet EssayMy Life Alert Bracelet volition use many distri entirelyion channels to benefit the company success, and use strategies to do promote its ingathering. My Life Alert Bracelet allow for take advantage of the special promotion provided by our company. We exit return an email infobase, so we put up send customers our special coupons and invite them for the perfect sales event events that we offer for that season. We can also attach our coupons to the customers receipts to allow future saving on their purchases. and so we leave alone be using different advertisings to get our name out to all of the community earnest and far off. Our goal will be to display the product we offer.Another technique will be to advertise our low coast products to the local community and surrounding argonas, by using the free progeny aids to attract the attention of the viewers and other vendors that would like to purchase these alert bracelets for their own face-to-face or business uses. Our company plans is to utilize local newspapers advertisements, and qualification sure we meet with inquiring customers so they will help get the word out through word of mouth from experience. Last but not least we will post flyers out in the local business and the community for the intent market.My Life Alert Bracelet will have to persuade the potential audience that they want and urgency our bracelet for the safety of their family or friends. In the process of world successful with our advertisement can lay down and also nurture a sense of I want and I need this less expenditure product to benefit the safety of their family member.The best way our company can measure the effectiveness from our advertisement will be to see how many consumers was aw be of our product and the service we offers, meanwhile making get through with the company to purchase our product. After the publicity has simmered down, our company will then compare our cu rrent data with our past data in a quarterly session to evaluate our positive success or our negative success of our company.Never the less many people are interested in staying and being more healthier, therefore many people are looking to use the My Life Alert Bracelet to properly identify their medical concerns in the event of an accident or any medical emergency. The M.L.A.B. will help the medical staff or medical individualnel to assist you in a seasonably manner.The promotion strategies that will be utilized in our company will be as chase1. deal Promotion will be one of the methods used to help out with our company promotion strategy. Sale promotion is commonly used for the increase in a sale for a short period.2. e veryday Relation it will help develop a positive relationship with the media/media. this will hopefully help the company to handle all negative attention while remaining professional with a successfully mind frame.3. Personal Selling offering face to face one on one sale to our customers, giving them the best eccentric sales. 4. Direct Mail this is personalizing the mail by putting the name of the head audience you are trying to reach out too. This will directed to a particular person in hope to increase sales.5. Sponsorship this is networking in giving another organization the permission to list our product or use our logos. By using this method normally have high profiles that are seen by a large audience.6. Introduction is when the new company is trying to get the word out that they are in the market we can utilize the push/pull strategies to help push the product towards the origin stage called the lifecycle.7. Growth after the M.L.A.B. product post has grown and the target market are elated to accept the lifecycle. We offer true loyalty to our cherish custom.8. Maturity at this point our company will take full responsibility to encourage the target audience to purchase our product to benefit a life saving experience. This mark et research is make to indentify the main goal in purchasing this line of product. The M.L.A.B. main purpose is to help your family member in a m of a serious mail service that is not caused intentionally. The alert bracelet will alert the medical staff if your love one curio off or become ill, it will alarm the emergency hotline, and the emergency staff will beam a call to the medical official which will alert the family member of the person condition. This bracelet will alert the medical staff of any medical condition you may have, and any allergic reaction you have or had at one time. The M.L.A.B. is sold at a low price making it affordable for person with insurance or non-insurance persons. We have booths set up at the local inwardness or you can stop by the main building to make your purchase.The consumer today has become very demanding. They want high quality products as well as high quality customer service. Delivering value customer service is very important to our co mpany. When there is poor customer service it may admit the value of our company down. The customer are not satisfied, and may bring a gap amongst the two of us because they might be thinking what should be done, and my company thinking how it should be done causing a dissatisfaction in the mist. When having customers complaints that we were not ready to handle at that time can make the customers seek other companies for their service. Our goal is to keep the customers happy at all times, the customers are the main focus because if they are happy then for profit will be greater. In formulation that we look forward in customers satisfaction and we make sure we do our best in presenting quality customer service to maintain a quality profits.

International Trade Essay Example for Free

International Trade EssayInternational softwood is a complex process that involves both physical and abstract components. Its physical aspects include the goods that are traded such as textiles, raw materials for automobiles and manpower or human resources to name a few.Some of its abstract components include the trading policies of governments from every nation and the trading agreements between the trading parties. Issues surrounding foreign trade go in terms of complexity and nature, usually involving not only the direct physical and abstract components of international trade but also other areas of concern such as geography of trading locations and the restitution of the traded goods. Since international trade involves two or more traders situated in different countries, there is the bulge of trading policies. Governments usually create trading policies that international traders should adhere to. Otherwise, trade compromises will be arranged. alike(p) typical trading activities, there is also the issue of trade agreements between the trading parties specifying what kind and what touchstone of goods are to be traded for a specified duration.Prior to the actual trade, trading parties from across the world first-year arranges the payment and financial transaction details that are compatible with the existing laws of the receiving country. Each trading party will also have to ensure sufficient manpower to handle the actual transportation of the goods which, in effect, entails the secured transfer of goods from the supplier to the receiving client.The geography between the trading countries also gives rise to several issues such as determining and agreeing which route to take and what transportation equipments should be used. The security of the trading parties especially the receiving client is another(prenominal) issue in international trade as smuggling of prohibited products remains a monstrous concern.

Customer Relationship Management in Banking

client affinity wariness in BankingABSTRACT straighta vogue the world is globalized and guests argon closely educated and well informed. This has provide-ond the competition among the firms and cheeks. The competition elevates the node negociate power and switching power to choose the best harvest-festival and service. beca subprogram guest birth has baffle a focus of grandness to in both the companies in put in to retain the guest as well as maximize revenues. Today trade is no much bob uping, delivering and selling of goods and services, it is moving towards developing and chief(prenominal)taining immense circumstance affinity with clients. Therefore birth selling has do its all important(predicate) in all the clogup celestial spheres so as in financial services. clients alliance worry pull ins the opportunity through which the depository financial institutions chamberpot upbeat by developing good relationships with their nodes.The aim of the design is to clear up a better checking how the CRM has benefited some(prenominal)(prenominal) the curse as well as its clients. This research to a fault aims to identify how critically CRM has been practiced in Lloyds Banking radical, turn upline the entropy exploit shape of Lloyds Banking meeting, to find taboo the client sectionalisation procedure of the cant to synopsis the node retaining scheme of the bank, to find out how does the bank musical rhythm guest life meter place and to verify the relationship mingled with the guests and the Lloyds Banking convention. To validate the end of the project has addressed to set of questionnaires, wizard is for Lloyds Banking convocations employees and other is for nodes of the bank. The literature check out has also servicing to understand the answer for the research questions. Both the denary as well as qualitative study suck upion techniques pay blanket been adopted namely, survey questionnaire an d semi-structure interviews. near info has also collected through interview of Lloyds employee and a conference of their customers.Lloyds utilisation CRM as an legal blood scheme to classify the most(prenominal) profitable customers for bank. And hence bank gives priorities those customers through individualized selling, reprising, plastic coda haveing and modify service-all delivered through a kind of gross gross revenue convey that the bank use. research worker has found that Lloyds is conducting a campaign talk bournsment by exploitation info mining task. This campaign supports to agnise crucial traffic decisions by exacting suitable, before hired hand st station and ultimately logical and actionable cognizance from huge data seats.Researcher also has suggested suitable recommendations to the bank to remediate the CRM practice in Lloyds Banking Group.1.0 INTRODUCTIONThis chapter tolerates the picture introduction of research. Furtherto a greater exte nt, it also discusses the aims, bearings of the research questions and scope of the study.1.1 TOPIC OF THE explore guest Relationship solicitude of Lloyds Banking Group PLC A Critical Evaluation1.2 INTRODUCTION TO querycock Drucker verbalise, The purpose of a task is to relieve oneself customers. Customer Relationship Management can be the unmarried strongest weapon we see as manage to ensure that customers become and re important loyal. Customer Relationship Management (CRM), is an vital division of modern transaction organization. CRM concern the relation between the organisations a grand with its consumers. Consumers atomic number 18 the g all oernment agency of support of any credit line in a universal business with thousands of workforce and a multi-billion earnings, or a single broker with a handful of standard consumers. CRM is the same in principle for both causafaces.Globalization and engineering advancements buzz off pushed companies into impregnable comp etition. In this tender era organisations be tar get attri unlesse on managing customer relationships, mainly customer atonement, in nightspot to maximize revenues (Constantinos two hundred3). Today, selling is not just developing, delivering and selling it is faulting towards developing and maintaining equally long term relationships with customers (Buttle, 1996). This un running gameed business values is called relationship merchandising (RM), which has pertain portentous interest both from marketing academics and practitioners (Gronroos, 1994).The Greek philosopher, Epictetus verbalize that what concern me is not the way things be, exactly rather the way people imply things argon (Szwarch, 2005, p.3). The concepts of consumer satisfaction were depending on the thinking of consumer. Research suggests that customer satisfaction, basic concept of relationship marketing, is important in achieving and retaining private-enterprise(a) advantage. Research studies feed di scover that retaining incumbent customers is much less expensive than attracting repenny customers (Desatnick, 1988 Stone et al., 1996 Bitran and Mondschein, 1997 Chattopadhyay, 2001 Massey et al., 2001). The best way to retain customers is to move them satisfied, a number of studies have shown that customer satisfaction can guide to brand obedience, repurchases intention and repeat gross revenue (Day, 1984 Swan and Oliver, 1989 Oliver, 1999). Customer retention, in become, seems to be related to profitability (Oliver, 1999).Relationship marketing is becoming significant in financial services (Zineldin, 1995). If a bank develops and sustains a solid relationship with its customers, its competitors cannot easily supercede them and so this relationship tolerates for a continue agonistical advantage (Gilbert, 2003). Moriarty et al. (1983) has suggested relationship concept in the banking field which states that banks can increase their profits by maximising the profitability of the perfect customer relationship over duration, instead of looking for to get more(prenominal) profit from any single transaction. Perrien et al. (1992) observed severe competitive thrusts that forces financial institution to restructure their marketing strategies by developing into long-term relationship with customers. And banking industry purely related to financial services, which demand to establish the trust among the people.This research is exploratory in nature and design. The data which is collected is going to be generally primary data collected from the pertinent persons within the bank. The data has gathered from the face to face interviews with the tending of structured and semi-structured questionnaire with those persons. The supra describe interviews has last 40 ( four-spotty) to 45 (fourty basketball team) minutes (approx). On the other hand the researcher has decided to collect primary data from stochastic interviews of Lloyds Banking Groups customer s. Sample size is around 200 customers and of structured questionnaire.But of course this research paper has relied on reviewing the confused substitute(prenominal) data available from various researches such(prenominal) as books, magazines, sacksite, previous research and egress etc. The collected data has been analysed by graphs, table and pi chart drawn from Microsoft excel.1.3 AIM OF THE RESEARCHThe aim of the research is to study why CRM is important in bank, how the CRM deeds in banks and also the enduringness of Lloyds Banking Group in obtaining long term customer relationship, customer loyalty, and customer satisfaction by the use of CRM. And also suggest feasible recommendations to Lloyds Banking Group to increase the customer satisfaction and market apportion by the effective use of CRM.1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCHThe followings ar the objectives of this researchTo study how critically executed in Lloyds Banking Group psychoanalysis the data mining operation o f Lloyds Banking GroupTo find out how the bank divides their customersTo analysis how the bank retaining their customersTo find out how does the bank measure customer Life Time evaluateTo verify the relationship between the customers and the Lloyds Banking Group1.5 SCOPE OF THE getThe scope of the study and research work has limited to Lloyds Banking Group only. This elect level of aspects has stayed at plumping in the study so that it can be analyse well and analyzed thoroughly to get a deeper sense. Trying to cover too much undercoat whitethorn lead to a genuinely superficial and conf utilise analysis and whitethorn involve long time season to discern the project work or report. Therefore a specified and narrow down down approach with Lloyds Banking Group and an military rank of its success has comprised with the researchers scope of the study to avoid confused analysis and a weaker report.1.6 OUTLINE OF THE SUBSEQUENT CHAPTERSChapter 1 INTODUCTIONThis chapter provid es the brief introduction of the research. Furthermore, it also discusses the aims, objectives of the research questions and scope of the learning.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE check overThis chapter determines the theoretical issues relating to CRM which is relevant to the research.CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGYThis episode discusses closely primary and secondary methods of research used by the researcher.CHAPTER 4 CONTEXTChapter 4 deals with the discipline about Lloyds Banking Group.CHAPTER 5 FINDINGSThis chapter deals with the moderate of primary data.CHAPTER 6 ANALYSISAnalysis part deals with findings in the context of literature review in chapter 2.CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONThis chapter includes the overall conclusion of the research. This chapter produce the conclusion comp ard and contrasted with the finding of the research and the literature review. It summarises the aims and hear findings and acknowledges the limitation of the works.CHAPTER 8 RECOMMENDATIONSThis chapter is the last chapter of the research. This chapter provide the recommendation for the managerial implication in the Lloyds Banking Group. At the end, chapter provide recommendation for the succeeding(a) research.CHAPTER 9 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHYThis chapter includes a systematic list of books, web site and other works such as journal, magazine etc which have been used as secondary data or as reference in this research.CHAPTER 10 APPENDICESThis chapter stomach all questionnaires and galore(postnominal) graphs, chart and tables which have been made on the arse of customer survey.2.0 LITERATUREREVIEWThis chapter contains a review of literature relevant to the research. This literature review deals with, about CRM, the tale and goals of an compound banking CRM, the technological factor of CRM, the surgical operation cycle in banks, data store engineering, data mining process, how to analysis the data, customer segmentation process, communication strategies of bank to the customers etc.2.1 client RELATIONSIP managementExisting research states that relationships be the base to the successful development and edition of pertly business view berth, though business have divvy upn divvy up of relationships with their customers for some(prenominal) centuries (Gronroos, 1994). Sheth and Parvathiyar, (1995) said that relationships demand much more than classic transactions. Rather, they symbolize strategic and tactical issues establish on a new philosophical move that geargond in the direction of long-term organisation survival. consort to Storbacka, (1994) relationship marketing got popular in mid-ni kaleies exactly it has a long chronicle under disparate names. In its starting, one-to-one marketing appe ard in the mid 1990s, which transformed into Customer Relationship Management.Parvatiyar and Sheth gave a static definition of CRM. Customer Relationship Management is widespread tactic and process of acquire, retaining and partnering with blow-by-blow consumers to cr eate better-quality value for the business and the consumer (Parvatiyar and Sheth 2000, p.6)2.2 THE HISTORY AND GOALS OF AN INTEGRATED BANKING CRM consort to Puccinelli (1999) the financial services industry as entering a new era where personal trouble is decreasing because the institutions be using technology to replace human contact in many finishing argonas.Sherif, 2002 advocated that, now global changes brought new trends, directions and new ways of doing business, which also brought new challenges and opportunities to financial institutions. In clubhouse to complete with newly increasing competitive pressures, financial institutions essential make love the need of balancing their mathematical process by achieving their strategic goals and meeting continues mercurial customer needs requirements. Different ways must be analyzed to meet customer needs.Foss said that banks are highly focusing on CRM for the last five years that is expected to continue.According to incision (1998) and Chablo (1999) the main goals of an effective interconnected CRM closure in the banking sector are to enable financial institutes to branch out customer relationship through acquiring new customers, identifying and locateing new segments and prospering in new markets.Leng thence the subsisting relationship developing longer term relationships, increasing perceived value of products and introducing new products andDeepen the relationship with customers initiating the cross selling and up selling opportunities, understanding the inclination of different customer segments to purchase and increase sales.The implementation if CRM system in a bank helps the business organisation to obtain a complete picture of their existing customers, design both customer-oriented and market-driven financial products and services, as well as implement bulky and reliable financial marketing research and efficient campaigns, to give and enhance customer loyalty and profitability.The abov e goals can be achieved through the seamless integration of breeding technology solutions and business objectives at each process of the bank business that affects the customer.2.3 THE PHASES OF CRMThe main phases of CRM are as followsCustomer selection or segmentationAccording to Dave Chaffey (2009), customer selection is defining the shells of customers that a caller-up forget market to. It means identifying different groups of customers for which to develop offerings and to target during erudition, retention and credit. Different ways of segmenting customers by value and by their detailed lifecycle with the customer are reviewed.Many companies are now only proactively marketing to favoured customers. Seth Godin (1999), says Focus on share of customer, not market share fire 70 per cent customers and watch your profits go upAccording to Efraim pillbox (2008), the most sophisticated segmentation and targeting schemes for extension of customers are often used by banks, which have full customer information and acquire history data as they search for to get on Customer Lifetime Value ( 155) through encouraging increase use of products overtime. The segmentation approach used by banks is base on five main fundamental principle which in result are covered on top of each other. The amount of options used, and because the complexness of approach, will depend on resources obtainable, opportunities, capabilities and technology afforded by catalog.i. Identify customer lifecycle groupsWhen guests use online services then they basically pass those seven or more stages. The organisations have clear these segments and establish the CRM infrastructure to categories customers in this manner then they deliver focussed messages, whichever by modified web messaging or by e-mails that are triggered routinely because of various rules. First-time guests know by a cookie placed on their PC. When guests registered, they are tracked through the residual stages. The custom ers who have purchased one or more products are one fact important group. The key challenge is for a company to encourage a customer to shift from the primary product to the second and then go on. Explicit offers can be try to push customer for further products. In the same way, when customers turn into an inactive then the customer required follow-up.ii. Identify customer profit characteristicsThis is a stuffy segmentation which is base on the nature of customer. For credit line 2 Business Companies it includes sex, age and geography. It includes volume of the organisation and the type of sector or industry, the organisation operates in.iii. Identify behaviour in response and purchaseAs shown in figure 2.2 through analysis of data base when customer progress through the lifecycle, company is subject to build up a detail play offion and demoralise history which judges the details of frequency, recency, group of product buy and monetary value. This approach is cognize as RF M (Recency, Frequency, Monetary value) analysis.iv. Identify multi-channel behaviourIn spite of of the eagerness of the company for online channels, various customers are chosen for using online channels and others customers are chosen conventional channels. This is an degree, be indicated by RFM and rejoinder examination since customers with a perceptiveness for an online channel is more labile and make more use online. Customer who the exchangeables ofs online channels is focussed mostly by online communication theory such as e-mail, but when customer like conventional channels is focused by conventional communications such as direct mail or phone. This is known as right-channelling.v. Tone and style preferenceIn a same way to channel liking, customers are suffice in their own way to various types of message. Some customers like rational industry, in that time a detailed e-mail may work best. On the other hand some customers are preferred an emotional appeal. Companies are t est for this in customers or conclude it using profit commentary and response performance and then expand various inventive treatments consequently.2. Customer acquisitionProcesses used to add new customer. According to toque (2008), customer acquisition refers to marketing activities intended to form relationship with new customers while reducing acquisition monetary value and targeting high-value customers. Service value and selecting the right path for various customers are essential at this stage and during the lifecycle.The conventional manner to customer acquisition include a marketing manager developing a immingle of mass marketing (billboards, magazine advertisements etc.) and direct marketing (mail, telephone, etc.) campaigns ground on their knowledge of the concomitant customer base that was being focussed. Marketing campaign trying to pressure new customers to buy a cross type of diapers, the mass marketing ads might be compulsive in parenting magazines. The advert isements could also be positioned in more conventional publications whose readership demographics were alike to those of new parents.Customer acquisition is comparatively equivalent to mass marketing. A marketing manager selects the demographics that they are involved in and laterward that works with a data vendor to obtain lists of buyers who meet those features. The data vendors have heavy(p) database holding millions of eventual customers that can be segment based on explicit demographic criteria.The idea of similar demographics has conventionally been an art rather than a science. Usually there are not hard-and-fast systems about whether two groups of buyers share the similar features. around of the segmentation that took place in conventional direct marketing involves hunches on the division of the marketing professional.3. Customer retentionDafe Chaffey 2009 said that customer retention refers to the marketing actions pee-peen by a company to keep its current customers. Identifying applicable offerings based on their personal needs and complete position in the customer lifecycle (e.g. purchase value or number) is key.Customer retention strategy aims to keep a high parting of valuable customers and a customer development strategy aims to foster the value of those retained customer to the organisation. Customer retention is based on customer loyalty. And customer loyalty is the point to which a customer will continue with a specific brand or vendor.Customer acquisition to retain and extend create long-term customer relationship. We need to calculate customer satisfaction, as satisfaction drives loyalty and loyalty drives profitability. This relationship is exposed belowThe marketers aim is to push customers up the bias towards the affection zone. But the majority are not in that zone. Marketers must understand to achieve retention,why customers defers or are indifferent.4. Customer extensionThis technique is encouraging customers to increase thei r involvement with a company. According to Turban 2008, customer extension is increasing the range of products that a customer buys from an organisation. Sometime it is referred customer development.Increasing the aliveness value (CLV) of a customer is the main objective of customer extension by encouraging cross-sell. For example a customer of Egg quotation card may be offered the loan or a deposit account.There are many of customer extension technique for CRM as followsRe-sell same type of products to existing customers-particular vital in some Business 2 Business background as re-buys or modified re-buys.Cross-sell sell extra products which may be closely related to the original buy.Up-sell this is mean, selling more expensive products.Reactivation Customers who have purchased for some time or have lapsed can be promote to buy again.Referrals generating sells from recommendation from existing customers.2.4 CUSTOMER LIFETIME VALUE MODELLINGCustomer Lifetime Value (CLV) is also a n important theory and practise of CRM. But the calculation of CLV is not straightforward. There are so many company, they do not calculate it. According to Dave Chaffey (2009) Lifetime value is the total net benefits that a customer or group of customers will provide a company over their total relationship with the company. CLV is based on estimating the income and costs related with each customer over a phase of time and then calculating the net personate value in present monetary terms using a discount rate value applied over the stage.Efraim Turban (2006) said there is various case of complexity in calculating LTC. Those are exposed in figure 2.6. Option 1 is a realistic way or estimated proxy for future LTV, but the true LTV is the future value of the customer at individual level. CLV modelling at a segment level 4 is crucial within marketing since it answers the questionHow much can I afford to invest in acquiring a new customer?Lifetime value analysis helps marketers toCrea te the true value of a companys customer baseRecognize and compare crucial target segmentCalculate the effectiveness of another(prenominal) customer retention strategyPlan and calculate enthronization in customer acquisition programmesstigma decisions about product and offersFigure 2.7 gives an example of how LTV can be used to develop a CRM strategy for different customer groups. There are 4 (four) main types of customers are indicated by their present and future value as dye, silver, gold and platinum. Separate customers groupings (circles) are make dod according to their current value (as indicated by current profitability) and future value as indicated by CLV calculation.Every group will have a customer segmentation based on their demographics. Therefore this is used for customer selection. Within the four main value groupings, there are various strategies are developed for various customer groups. few bronze customers such as group A and B practically do not have developmen t potential and are usually unprofitable, therefore the objective is to reduce costs in communications and if they do not stay as customers this is acceptable. Some bronze customers like group C may have potential for growth therefore for group C the strategy is to extend their purchases. Silver customers are focused with customer extension offer and gold customers are extended. Platinum customers are the best customers therefore the communication is very important with these customers.2.5 THE TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS OF CRMAccording to Davenport and Short, (1990) Porter, (1987) information technology is an enabler to thoroughly redesign business process to achieve improvements in organisational performance. Information Technology help helps a business process by facilitating changes to job practices and establishing new techniques to link a customer with organisations, suppliers and stakeholders (Hammer and Champy, 1993).Eckerson and Watson (2000) advocated that CRM take full advantag e of technology to collect and analyze data on customer patters, expand prognostic models, interpret customer behaviour, proper respond with communications, and deliver product and service to individual customers. By using technology a business can generate a 360 degree view of consumers to find out from past interactions to optimize future ones.Peppard (2000) said that the leading factors in CRM development are improvement in set of connections communications, client/server compute, and business cleverness application. CRM collect, store, maintain and distribute customer knowledge all over the organisation. The effectual management of information has a vital role to play in CRM. In the case of scheming customer duration importance, consolidated view, product tailoring and facility improvement, the information is essential. along with data stores, enterprise resource preparation (ERP) organization and the internet are the vital infrastructures to CRM application.Fickel (1999) said CRM application links front office (e.g. marketing, sales and customer service) and back office (e.g. financial, logistics, operations and human resources) functions with the businesses customer contact point.A companys touch point is all of the communication, human and physical interactions your customers experience during their relationship lifecycle with your organisation. Whether an commercial, Web-site, sales individual, store or office, finger points are vital because customers from perceptions of your organisation and brand based on their accumulative experiences(Source http//www.imediaconnection.com/content/4508.imc at 16/10/2009 on 1525)According to Eckerson and Watson (2000), CRM integrated touch points is something like a common view of the customer. A separate information systems controlled these touch points. Figure 2.8 demonstrates the correlation between customer touch point with back and front office operationsPeppers and Rogres, (1999) said In many companies, CRM i s just a technology solution that extends divide databases and sales force automation tools to link sales and marketing functions in order to develop targeting efforts. On the other hand some organisations consider CRM as a tool that is exclusively designed for one-to-one relationship. According to Goldenberg (2000) CRM is not just a tools application for sales, marketing and service, but when CRM completely and successfully implemented, customer-driven, a cross-functional, technology-integrated commerce process management scheme that improves relationships and encompasses the unscathed organisation.2.6 entropy WAREHOUSE engine roomAccording to Watson (2000) data warehouse is a tools of information technology management that helps business decision makers to instant main course of information of customer data throughout the organisation by combining all database and operational systems like sales and transaction, human resource, inventory, purchasing, financial and marketing syst em. Data warehouse pull out, clean, convert and manage large volumes of data from various systems and creating a historical record of all customer.Data warehousing technology is the most crucial part of CRM because it makes CRM possible. Shepard et al. (1998) said a better understanding of customer behaviour is possible because data warehousing technology consolidates correlates and convert customer data into customer intelligence. Thoughts of customers and their buying pattern can improve information relating to customer service interactions, bill and account status, back orders, product returns, product delivery, and internal direct cost. The capacity of a data storehouse to store hundreds and thousands of gigabytes of data compose an analysis feasible as well as immediate.Organisational benefits with a data warehouse are as followsexact and faster glide path of informationbad and duplicate data eliminate by quality data and filteringcustomer compose and retention modellingit c ompute total present importance and approximate future value of all customerit gives detail report2.7 DATA MINING TECHNOLOGYPeppers and Rogres, (1999) said that the first analytical stair of data mining is to describe the data. Data mining retell its statistical attributes like standard deviations and means, visually review it by use of charts and graphs and distributes the value of the field in our data. But alone data interpretation can not provide an action plan. We have to build a analytical model based on pattern determined from known output and after that we have to test the model on result outside the original sample. An ideal model must never be puzzled with reality, but it is useful guide to understanding our businesses.According to Eckerson and Watson (2000) we can use data mining for both mixture and regression problems. In first problem we can call up what type something will fall into. In second problems we are predicting a number like eyeshot that a person will react to an recommend. In CRM process, data mining is often used to assign a score to a particular customer. Data mining is also often using to recognize a set of characteristics, which is called profile. Data mining segments customers in to groups with similar behaviour like purchasing a particular product.2.8 THE CRM PROCESS CYCLE IN BANKSPound (2000) said that exploration and alteration process should be done by the banks on basis of customer information captured this shows the full value of CRM initiatives. Banks set up a closed CRM cycle with the help of an integrated CRM solution, which composed of a set of continuous iterative process. It manages the whole customer related process for bank, analysing customer profile, customer data and life time value, which is parcel to making marketing decision and optimizing the instruction execution of marketing campaigns, customer service strategies and sales strategies across various channels during the bank.According to Professor Co nstantin Zopounidis (2002) CRM process cycle is based on a generic business view. It presents a continuous improvement of value between customers and banks across touch points.Pound 2000 said that new-fashioned banking data sources are extremely heterogeneous. geographical information is dispersed due to continual acquisitions, mergers and reorganizations. For example a bank might use web site, ATMs, e-mail, sales, call centres and marketing automation applications that must be integrated in a unified surroundings of CRM banking. An effective multi-channels customer interface will not be possible without a centrally integrated warehouse driving the entire CRM process cycle. This should be modify real time. The historical data should be recorded by it, which is used to create propensity models and customer life time value models to recognize past behaviour and action in order to take future marketing strategy.2.9 CUSTOMER DATA COLLECTIONKristin Anderson Carol Kerr (2002), said t hat in bankiCustomer Relationship Management in BankingCustomer Relationship Management in BankingABSTRACTToday the world is globalized and customers are well educated and well informed. This has change magnitude the competition among the firms and organisations. The competition elevates the customer bargaining power and switching power to choose the best product and service. Therefore customer relationship has become a focus of importance to all the companies in order to retain the customer as well as maximize revenues. Today marketing is no more developing, delivering and selling of goods and services, it is moving towards developing and maintaining long term relationship with customers. Therefore relationship marketing has making its important in all the business sectors so as in financial services. Customers Relationship Management creates the opportunity through which the banks can benefit by developing good relationships with their customers.The aim of the project is to gain a better understanding how the CRM has benefited both the bank as well as its customers. This research also aims to identify how critically CRM has been practiced in Lloyds Banking Group, analysis the data mining process of Lloyds Banking Group, to find out the customer segmentation procedure of the bank to analysis the customer retaining strategy of the bank, to find out how does the bank measure customer life time value and to verify the relationship between the customers and the Lloyds Banking Group. To validate the purpose of the project has addressed to set of questionnaires, one is for Lloyds Banking Groups employees and other is for customers of the bank. The literature review has also help to understand the answer for the research questions. Both the quantitative as well as qualitative data assemblage techniques have been adopted namely, survey questionnaire and semi-structure interviews. Some data has also collected through interview of Lloyds employee and a group of their customers.Lloyds use CRM as an effective business strategy to classify the most profitable customers for bank. And accordingly bank gives priorities those customers through individualized marketing, reprising, flexible conclusion building and modify service-all delivered through a variety of sales channels that the bank use. Researcher has found that Lloyds is conducting a campaign management by using data mining task. This campaign helps to make crucial business decisions by exacting suitable, beforehand singular and ultimately logical and actionable awareness from huge databases.Researcher also has suggested suitable recommendations to the bank to improve the CRM practice in Lloyds Banking Group.1.0 INTRODUCTIONThis chapter provides the brief introduction of research. Furthermore, it also discusses the aims, objectives of the research questions and scope of the study.1.1 TOPIC OF THE RESEARCHCustomer Relationship Management of Lloyds Banking Group PLC A Critical Evaluation1.2 IN TRODUCTION TO RESEARCHPeter Drucker said, The purpose of a business is to create customers. Customer Relationship Management can be the single strongest weapon we have as manage to ensure that customers become and remain loyal. Customer Relationship Management (CRM), is an vital division of modern business organization. CRM concern the relation between the organisations along with its consumers. Consumers are the means of support of any business in a universal business with thousands of workforce and a multi-billion earnings, or a single broker with a handful of standard consumers. CRM is the same in principle for both examples.Globalization and technology improvements have pushed companies into hard competition. In this new era organisations are targeting on managing customer relationships, mainly customer satisfaction, in order to maximize revenues (Constantinos 2003). Today, marketing is not just developing, delivering and selling it is shifting towards developing and maintaining equally long term relationships with customers (Buttle, 1996). This new business values is called relationship marketing (RM), which has involved significant interest both from marketing academics and practitioners (Gronroos, 1994).The Greek philosopher, Epictetus said that what concern me is not the way things are, but rather the way people think things are (Szwarch, 2005, p.3). The concepts of consumer satisfaction were depending on the thinking of consumer. Research suggests that customer satisfaction, basic concept of relationship marketing, is important in achieving and retaining competitive advantage. Research studies have discovered that retaining current customers is much less expensive than attracting new customers (Desatnick, 1988 Stone et al., 1996 Bitran and Mondschein, 1997 Chattopadhyay, 2001 Massey et al., 2001). The best way to retain customers is to keep them satisfied, a number of studies have shown that customer satisfaction can guide to brand loyalty, repurchase s intention and repeat sales (Day, 1984 Swan and Oliver, 1989 Oliver, 1999). Customer retention, in turn, seems to be related to profitability (Oliver, 1999).Relationship marketing is becoming significant in financial services (Zineldin, 1995). If a bank develops and sustains a solid relationship with its customers, its competitors cannot easily replace them and so this relationship provides for a continued competitive advantage (Gilbert, 2003). Moriarty et al. (1983) has suggested relationship concept in the banking sector which states that banks can increase their profits by maximising the profitability of the total customer relationship over time, instead of looking for to get more profit from any single transaction. Perrien et al. (1992) observed severe competitive pressures that forces financial institution to restructure their marketing strategies by developing into long-term relationship with customers. And banking industry purely related to financial services, which needs to create the trust among the people.This research is exploratory in nature and design. The data which is collected is going to be mostly primary data collected from the relevant persons within the bank. The data has gathered from the face to face interviews with the help of structured and semi-structured questionnaire with those persons. The above describe interviews has last 40 (fourty) to 45 (fourty five) minutes (approx). On the other hand the researcher has decided to collect primary data from random interviews of Lloyds Banking Groups customers. Sample size is around 200 customers and of structured questionnaire.But of course this research paper has relied on reviewing the various secondary data available from various researches such as books, magazines, website, previous research and publication etc. The collected data has been analysed by graphs, table and pi chart drawn from Microsoft excel.1.3 AIM OF THE RESEARCHThe aim of the research is to study why CRM is important in ban k, how the CRM works in banks and also the effectiveness of Lloyds Banking Group in obtaining long term customer relationship, customer loyalty, and customer satisfaction by the use of CRM. And also suggest feasible recommendations to Lloyds Banking Group to increase the customer satisfaction and market share by the effective use of CRM.1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCHThe followings are the objectives of this researchTo study how critically practised in Lloyds Banking GroupAnalysis the data mining process of Lloyds Banking GroupTo find out how the bank segments their customersTo analysis how the bank retaining their customersTo find out how does the bank measure customer Life Time ValueTo verify the relationship between the customers and the Lloyds Banking Group1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDYThe scope of the study and research work has limited to Lloyds Banking Group only. This chosen level of aspects has stayed at large in the study so that it can be studied well and analyzed thoroughly to ge t a deeper understanding. Trying to cover too much ground may lead to a very superficial and confused analysis and may involve long time duration to complete the project work or report. Therefore a specified and narrow down approach with Lloyds Banking Group and an evaluation of its success has comprised with the researchers scope of the study to avoid confused analysis and a weaker report.1.6 OUTLINE OF THE SUBSEQUENT CHAPTERSChapter 1 INTODUCTIONThis chapter provides the brief introduction of the research. Furthermore, it also discusses the aims, objectives of the research questions and scope of the learning.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWThis chapter determines the theoretical issues relating to CRM which is relevant to the research.CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGYThis episode discusses about primary and secondary methods of research used by the researcher.CHAPTER 4 CONTEXTChapter 4 deals with the information about Lloyds Banking Group.CHAPTER 5 FINDINGSThis chapter deals with the result of pri mary data.CHAPTER 6 ANALYSISAnalysis part deals with findings in the context of literature review in chapter 2.CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONThis chapter includes the overall conclusion of the research. This chapter produce the conclusion compared and contrasted with the finding of the research and the literature review. It summarises the aims and key findings and acknowledges the limitation of the works.CHAPTER 8 RECOMMENDATIONSThis chapter is the last chapter of the research. This chapter provide the recommendation for the managerial implication in the Lloyds Banking Group. At the end, chapter provide recommendation for the future research.CHAPTER 9 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHYThis chapter includes a systematic list of books, web site and other works such as journal, magazine etc which have been used as secondary data or as reference in this research.CHAPTER 10 APPENDICESThis chapter contain all questionnaires and some graphs, chart and tables which have been made on the basis of customer su rvey.2.0 LITERATUREREVIEWThis chapter contains a review of literature relevant to the research. This literature review deals with, about CRM, the history and goals of an integrated banking CRM, the technological factor of CRM, the process cycle in banks, data warehouse technology, data mining process, how to analysis the data, customer segmentation process, communication strategies of bank to the customers etc.2.1 CUSTOMER RELATIONSIP MANAGEMENTExisting research states that relationships are the base to the successful development and edition of new business viewpoint, though business have taken care of relationships with their customers for many centuries (Gronroos, 1994). Sheth and Parvathiyar, (1995) said that relationships demand much more than mere transactions. Rather, they symbolize strategic and tactical issues based on a new philosophical move that geared in the direction of long-term organisation survival.According to Storbacka, (1994) relationship marketing got popular in 1990s but it has a long history under different names. In its starting, one-to-one marketing appeared in the mid 1990s, which transformed into Customer Relationship Management.Parvatiyar and Sheth gave a static definition of CRM. Customer Relationship Management is widespread tactic and process of acquire, retaining and partnering with careful consumers to create better-quality value for the business and the consumer (Parvatiyar and Sheth 2000, p.6)2.2 THE HISTORY AND GOALS OF AN INTEGRATED BANKING CRMAccording to Puccinelli (1999) the financial services industry as entering a new era where personal attention is decreasing because the institutions are using technology to replace human contact in many application areas.Sherif, 2002 advocated that, now global changes brought new trends, directions and new ways of doing business, which also brought new challenges and opportunities to financial institutions. In order to complete with newly increasing competitive pressures, financial ins titutions must recognize the need of balancing their performance by achieving their strategic goals and meeting continues volatile customer needs requirements. Different ways must be analyzed to meet customer needs.Foss said that banks are highly focusing on CRM for the last five years that is expected to continue.According to Peter (1998) and Chablo (1999) the main goals of an effective integrated CRM solution in the banking sector are to enable financial institutes toWiden customer relationship through acquiring new customers, identifying and targeting new segments and expanding in new markets.Lengthen the existing relationship developing longer term relationships, increasing perceived value of products and introducing new products andDeepen the relationship with customers initiating the cross selling and up selling opportunities, understanding the propensity of different customer segments to purchase and increase sales.The implementation if CRM system in a bank helps the business organisation to obtain a complete picture of their existing customers, design both customer-oriented and market-driven financial products and services, as well as implement extensive and reliable financial marketing research and efficient campaigns, to achieve and enhance customer loyalty and profitability.The above goals can be achieved through the seamless integration of information technology solutions and business objectives at every process of the bank business that affects the customer.2.3 THE PHASES OF CRMThe main phases of CRM are as followsCustomer selection or SegmentationAccording to Dave Chaffey (2009), customer selection is defining the types of customers that a company will market to. It means identifying different groups of customers for which to develop offerings and to target during acquisition, retention and extension. Different ways of segmenting customers by value and by their detailed lifecycle with the customer are reviewed.Many companies are now only proactiv ely marketing to favoured customers. Seth Godin (1999), says Focus on share of customer, not market share fire 70 per cent customers and watch your profits go upAccording to Efraim Turban (2008), the most sophisticated segmentation and targeting schemes for extension of customers are often used by banks, which have full customer information and acquire history data as they search for to boost Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) through encouraging increased use of products overtime. The segmentation approach used by banks is based on five main basics which in result are covered on top of each other. The amount of options used, and therefore the complexity of approach, will depend on resources obtainable, opportunities, capabilities and technology afforded by catalog.i. Identify customer lifecycle groupsWhen guests use online services then they basically pass those seven or more stages. The organisations have clear these segments and establish the CRM infrastructure to categories customers in this manner then they deliver focused messages, whichever by modified web messaging or by e-mails that are triggered routinely because of various rules. First-time guests recognized by a cookie placed on their PC. When guests registered, they are tracked through the residual stages. The customers who have purchased one or more products are one particular important group. The key challenge is for a company to encourage a customer to shift from the first product to the second and then go on. Explicit offers can be try to push customer for further products. In the same way, when customers turn into an inactive then the customer required follow-up.ii. Identify customer profit characteristicsThis is a conventional segmentation which is based on the nature of customer. For Business 2 Business Companies it includes sex, age and geography. It includes volume of the organisation and the type of sector or application, the organisation operates in.iii. Identify behaviour in response and pu rchaseAs shown in figure 2.2 through analysis of data base when customer progress through the lifecycle, company is capable to build up a detail reaction and buy history which judges the details of frequency, recency, group of product buy and monetary value. This approach is known as RFM (Recency, Frequency, Monetary value) analysis.iv. Identify multi-channel behaviourIn spite of of the eagerness of the company for online channels, various customers are chosen for using online channels and others customers are chosen conventional channels. This is an degree, be indicated by RFM and rejoinder examination since customers with a preference for an online channel is more reactive and make more use online. Customer who likes online channels is focused mostly by online communications such as e-mail, but when customer like conventional channels is focused by conventional communications such as direct mail or phone. This is known as right-channelling.v. Tone and style preferenceIn a same way to channel liking, customers are respond in their own way to various types of message. Some customers like rational application, in that time a detailed e-mail may work best. On the other hand some customers are preferred an emotional appeal. Companies are test for this in customers or conclude it using profit description and response performance and then expand various inventive treatments consequently.2. Customer acquisitionProcesses used to add new customer. According to Turban (2008), customer acquisition refers to marketing activities intended to form relationship with new customers while reducing acquisition cost and targeting high-value customers. Service value and selecting the right path for various customers are essential at this stage and during the lifecycle.The conventional manner to customer acquisition include a marketing manager developing a blend of mass marketing (billboards, magazine advertisements etc.) and direct marketing (mail, telephone, etc.) campaigns base d on their knowledge of the particular customer base that was being focussed. Marketing campaign trying to pressure new customers to buy a particular type of diapers, the mass marketing ads might be determined in parenting magazines. The advertisements could also be positioned in more conventional publications whose readership demographics were alike to those of new parents.Customer acquisition is comparatively similar to mass marketing. A marketing manager selects the demographics that they are involved in and after that works with a data vendor to obtain lists of buyers who meet those features. The data vendors have large database holding millions of eventual customers that can be segment based on explicit demographic criteria.The idea of similar demographics has conventionally been an art rather than a science. Usually there are not hard-and-fast systems about whether two groups of buyers share the similar features. Most of the segmentation that took place in conventional direct marketing involves hunches on the division of the marketing professional.3. Customer retentionDafe Chaffey 2009 said that customer retention refers to the marketing actions taken by a company to keep its current customers. Identifying applicable offerings based on their personal needs and complete position in the customer lifecycle (e.g. purchase value or number) is key.Customer retention strategy aims to keep a high percentage of valuable customers and a customer development strategy aims to boost the value of those retained customer to the organisation. Customer retention is based on customer loyalty. And customer loyalty is the point to which a customer will continue with a specific brand or vendor.Customer acquisition to retain and extend create long-term customer relationship. We need to calculate customer satisfaction, as satisfaction drives loyalty and loyalty drives profitability. This relationship is exposed belowThe marketers aim is to push customers up the curve towards t he affection zone. But the majority are not in that zone. Marketers must understand to achieve retention,why customers defers or are indifferent.4. Customer extensionThis technique is encouraging customers to increase their involvement with a company. According to Turban 2008, customer extension is increasing the range of products that a customer buys from an organisation. Sometime it is referred customer development.Increasing the lifetime value (CLV) of a customer is the main objective of customer extension by encouraging cross-sell. For example a customer of Egg credit card may be offered the loan or a deposit account.There are many of customer extension technique for CRM as followsRe-sell same type of products to existing customers-particular vital in some Business 2 Business background as re-buys or modified re-buys.Cross-sell sell extra products which may be closely related to the original buy.Up-sell this is mean, selling more expensive products.Reactivation Customers who hav e purchased for some time or have lapsed can be encouraged to buy again.Referrals generating sells from recommendation from existing customers.2.4 CUSTOMER LIFETIME VALUE MODELLINGCustomer Lifetime Value (CLV) is also an important theory and practise of CRM. But the calculation of CLV is not straightforward. There are so many company, they do not calculate it. According to Dave Chaffey (2009) Lifetime value is the total net benefits that a customer or group of customers will provide a company over their total relationship with the company. CLV is based on estimating the income and costs related with each customer over a phase of time and then calculating the net present value in present monetary terms using a discount rate value applied over the stage.Efraim Turban (2006) said there is various scale of complexity in calculating LTC. Those are exposed in figure 2.6. Option 1 is a realistic way or estimated proxy for future LTV, but the true LTV is the future value of the customer at individual level. CLV modelling at a segment level 4 is crucial within marketing since it answers the questionHow much can I afford to invest in acquiring a new customer?Lifetime value analysis helps marketers toCreate the true value of a companys customer baseRecognize and compare crucial target segmentCalculate the effectiveness of another customer retention strategyPlan and calculate investment in customer acquisition programmesMake decisions about product and offersFigure 2.7 gives an example of how LTV can be used to develop a CRM strategy for different customer groups. There are 4 (four) main types of customers are indicated by their present and future value as bronze, silver, gold and platinum. Separate customers groupings (circles) are recognized according to their current value (as indicated by current profitability) and future value as indicated by CLV calculation.Every group will have a customer segmentation based on their demographics. Therefore this is used for customer selection. Within the four main value groupings, there are various strategies are developed for various customer groups. Few bronze customers such as group A and B practically do not have development potential and are usually unprofitable, therefore the objective is to reduce costs in communications and if they do not stay as customers this is acceptable. Some bronze customers like group C may have potential for growth therefore for group C the strategy is to extend their purchases. Silver customers are focused with customer extension offer and gold customers are extended. Platinum customers are the best customers therefore the communication is very important with these customers.2.5 THE TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS OF CRMAccording to Davenport and Short, (1990) Porter, (1987) information technology is an enabler to thoroughly redesign business process to achieve improvements in organisational performance. Information Technology help helps a business process by facilitating changes to job practices and establishing new techniques to link a customer with organisations, suppliers and stakeholders (Hammer and Champy, 1993).Eckerson and Watson (2000) advocated that CRM take full advantage of technology to collect and analyze data on customer patters, expand predictive models, interpret customer behaviour, proper respond with communications, and deliver product and service to individual customers. By using technology a business can generate a 360 degree view of consumers to find out from past interactions to optimize future ones.Peppard (2000) said that the leading factors in CRM development are improvement in set of connections communications, client/server compute, and business cleverness application. CRM collect, store, maintain and distribute customer knowledge all over the organisation. The effectual management of information has a vital role to play in CRM. In the case of scheming customer duration importance, consolidated view, product tailoring and facility impro vement, the information is essential. Along with data warehouses, enterprise resource planning (ERP) organization and the internet are the vital infrastructures to CRM application.Fickel (1999) said CRM application links front office (e.g. marketing, sales and customer service) and back office (e.g. financial, logistics, operations and human resources) functions with the businesses customer contact point.A companys touch point is all of the communication, human and physical interactions your customers experience during their relationship lifecycle with your organisation. Whether an commercial, Web-site, sales individual, store or office, finger points are vital because customers from perceptions of your organisation and brand based on their cumulative experiences(Source http//www.imediaconnection.com/content/4508.imc at 16/10/2009 on 1525)According to Eckerson and Watson (2000), CRM integrated touch points is something like a common view of the customer. A separate information syste ms controlled these touch points. Figure 2.8 demonstrates the correlation between customer touch point with back and front office operationsPeppers and Rogres, (1999) said In many companies, CRM is just a technology solution that extends divide databases and sales force automation tools to link sales and marketing functions in order to develop targeting efforts. On the other hand some organisations consider CRM as a tool that is exclusively designed for one-to-one relationship. According to Goldenberg (2000) CRM is not just a tools application for sales, marketing and service, but when CRM completely and successfully implemented, customer-driven, a cross-functional, technology-integrated commerce process management scheme that improves relationships and encompasses the whole organisation.2.6 DATA WAREHOUSE TECHNOLOGYAccording to Watson (2000) data warehouse is a tools of information technology management that helps business decision makers to instant access of information of custome r data throughout the organisation by combining all database and operational systems like sales and transaction, human resource, inventory, purchasing, financial and marketing system. Data warehouse pull out, clean, convert and manage large volumes of data from various systems and creating a historical record of all customer.Data warehousing technology is the most crucial part of CRM because it makes CRM possible. Shepard et al. (1998) said a better understanding of customer behaviour is possible because data warehousing technology consolidates correlates and convert customer data into customer intelligence. Thoughts of customers and their buying pattern can improve information relating to customer service interactions, bill and account status, back orders, product returns, product delivery, and internal operating cost. The capacity of a data storehouse to store hundreds and thousands of gigabytes of data compose an analysis feasible as well as immediate.Organisational benefits with a data warehouse are as followsexact and faster access of informationbad and duplicate data eliminate by quality data and filteringcustomer profiling and retention modellingit compute total present importance and approximate future value of every customerit gives detail report2.7 DATA MINING TECHNOLOGYPeppers and Rogres, (1999) said that the first analytical step of data mining is to describe the data. Data mining summarize its statistical attributes like standard deviations and means, visually review it by use of charts and graphs and distributes the value of the field in our data. But alone data description can not provide an action plan. We have to build a analytical model based on pattern determined from known output and after that we have to test the model on result outside the original sample. An ideal model must never be puzzled with reality, but it is useful guide to understanding our businesses.According to Eckerson and Watson (2000) we can use data mining for both classif ication and regression problems. In first problem we can predict what type something will fall into. In second problems we are predicting a number like prospect that a person will react to an recommend. In CRM process, data mining is often used to allocate a score to a particular customer. Data mining is also often using to recognize a set of characteristics, which is called profile. Data mining segments customers in to groups with similar behaviour like purchasing a particular product.2.8 THE CRM PROCESS CYCLE IN BANKSPound (2000) said that exploration and alteration process should be done by the banks on basis of customer information captured this shows the full value of CRM initiatives. Banks set up a closed CRM cycle with the help of an integrated CRM solution, which composed of a set of continuous iterative process. It manages the whole customer related process for bank, analysing customer profile, customer data and life time value, which is helping to making marketing decision and optimizing the execution of marketing campaigns, customer service strategies and sales strategies across various channels during the bank.According to Professor Constantin Zopounidis (2002) CRM process cycle is based on a generic business view. It presents a continuous improvement of value between customers and banks across touch points.Pound 2000 said that recent banking data sources are extremely heterogeneous. Geographic information is dispersed due to continual acquisitions, mergers and reorganizations. For example a bank might use web site, ATMs, e-mail, sales, call centres and marketing automation applications that must be integrated in a unified environment of CRM banking. An effective multi-channels customer interface will not be possible without a centrally integrated warehouse driving the entire CRM process cycle. This should be update real time. The historical data should be recorded by it, which is used to create propensity models and customer life time value models to recognize past behaviour and action in order to take future marketing strategy.2.9 CUSTOMER DATA COLLECTIONKristin Anderson Carol Kerr (2002), said that in banki