The adoption of common language poilcies in companies Essay

The adoption of common language poilcies in companies - Essay Example It tends to spawn behaviors and emotions resulting to inefficiencies and poor collaborative efforts hence, leading to poor performance and low company productivity. These inefficiencies tend to be overlooked since the companies direct their attention to the benefits of linguistic integration in order to fit in the globalizing market. The main reason English is being adopted fall under the pressure from the external global players who seem to be well equipped with the English language and its application in the business field. In addition, there is too much diversification of tasks related to a company among countries. If the corporate goals rely on departments within different countries that are working harmoniously, language becomes a significant element. Implementation of language mandate has revealed challenges in the transition from diverse languages to a common language2. The experience that employees have had when working using another language or engaging with a non-native speaker has proved difficult. GlobalTech, FrechCo, Global Moves, Carco and ChipCo are some of the companies that have tried or rather have implemented the language mandate. All of the companies are from different countries of origin; Germany, French, Japanese, United States and United States respectively. The language mandate was put into test, and the impact analyzed that shows that it resulted to psychological and emotional impacts to the employees3. GlobalTech introduced English to the German Employees, and this resulted to ineffective communication. FrenchCo had employees who were non-native speakers who were originally from France, but experienced challenged in having to communicate in English since some lacked sophisticated language skills. The same case is evident for GlobalMoves, Japanese Company where much time was wasted in a task that could have been done easily. For

Surgical quality improvement Essay Example for Free

Surgical quality improvement Essay Through a review of blood utilization in the surgical units, the administrative manager of clinical operations for a large hospital noted what she believed to be a significant variation in the number of transfusion orders being placed per surgical case among the surgeons on staff. She brought the question to the surgical quality improvement committee, and the committee initiated a review of current standard practice for ordering transfusions within the surgical units of the hospital and also a review of best practices as supported by current research evidence. They discovered that the evidence from transfusion research revealed that transfusion therapy can result in a variety of adverse patient outcomes, including the transmission of infection diseases and allergic reactions. As a result, the hospital medical staff moved to adopt as its general â€Å"best practice† for transfusion ordering: a minimum hemoglobin concentration of 7g/dL (21% hematocrit) as an indication for red cell transfusions and a 10g/dL hemoglobin concentration (30% hematocrit) as a level at which transfusion therapy usually is unnecessary. After the approved â€Å"best practice† guideline was introduced to the medical staff, a blood utilization dashboard was developed that helps responsible clinical managers identify at the physician level when transfusion orders are placed contrary to the guideline. Having this information available enables the clinical manager to address the issue on a unit or with the individual physician involved. Use of this dashboard has resulted in significant reduction in the variation in transfusion ordering practices among the medical staff and a significant reduction in blood utilization, which equates to a significant reduction in costs of maintaining the blood supply, and an improvement in patient outcomes. Questions: 1. What data elements must be accessed from the clinical data repository to drive the blood utilization dashboard? Explain. 2. What clinical data systems might this data come from? Explain. Support your answers from the text, supplemental readings, and any other applicable resources. APA Page Setup: Pages should be set with 1-inch margins. Font should be 12-point Times New Roman. Lines should be doubled-spaced throughout the document, without extra spaces at the top or bottom of the page or between paragraphs or sections. A complete document includes a title page, an abstract (if the instructor requires it), the body of the paper, a reference list, and appendices (if indicated). The paper should be 1 to 2 pages in length, not including cover page. Latour, K. M., Maki, S. E., Oachs, P. A. (2013). Health information management: Concepts, principles, and practice (4th ed.). Chicago: AHIMA Press.

The Raw Power of A Streetcar Named Desire Essay -- Streetcar Named Des

The Raw Power of A Streetcar Named Desire      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tennessee Williams's play A Streetcar Named Desire contains more within it's characters, situations, and story than appears on its surface. As in many of Williams's plays, there is much use of symbolism and interesting characters in order to draw in and involve the audience.   The plot of A Streetcar Named Desire alone does not captivate the audience.   It is Williams's brilliant and intriguing characters that make the reader truly understand the play's meaning.   He also presents a continuous flow of raw, realistic moods and events in the play which keeps the reader fascinated in the realistic fantasy Williams has created in A Streetcar Named Desire.   The symbolism, characters, mood, and events of this play collectively form a captivating, thought-provoking piece of literature.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Streetcar Named Desire produces a very strong reaction.   Even at the beginning of the play, the reader is confronted with extremely obvious symbolism in order to express the idea of the play.   Blanche states that she was told "to take a streetcar named Desire, and then to transfer to one called Cemeteries".   One can not simply read over this statement without assuming Williams is trying to say more than is written.   Later in the play, the reader realizes that statement most likely refers to Blanche's arriving at the place and situation she is now in because of her servitude to her own desires and urges.   What really makes A Streetcar Named Desire such an exceptional literary work is the development of interesting, involving characters.   As the play develops, the audience sees that Blanche is less proper and refined than she ... ...st into a reality which is not his own, yet somehow seems familiar. This realistic fantasy Williams creates with his brilliant use of symbolism, intriguing characters, and involving action in the play causes the reader to connect fully with the setting, characters, conflicts, and emotions within.    BIBLIOGRAPHY    Adler, Thomas P.   A Streetcar Named Desire: The Moth and the Lantern. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990    Kernan, Alvin B.   "Truth and Dramatic Mode in A Streetcar Named Desire, In Modern Critical Views: Tennessee Williams."   Ed. Harold Bloom.   New York: Chealsea House Publishers, 1987    Quirino, Leonard.   "The Cards Indicate a Voyage on A Streetcar Named Desire, In Modern Critical Interpretations: Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar Named Desire."   Ed. Harold Bloom.   New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988   

Free Trade and Fair Trade

Free Trade and Fair Trade All over work places and school campuses around the world you can be sure to find cocoa, coffee and certain other products that are labeled â€Å"free trade,† but is fair trade the same as free trade? â€Å"Free† and â€Å"fair† are powerful, often abused words when applied to the concept of trade. I will attempt to clarify the differences between free and fair trade, show how they may overlap, and the beneficial in each system. Deliberate trade benefits both the buyer and the seller. The benefits in excess of costs are the gains from trade.An efficient society maximizes the gains from trade by wisely using human, natural and capital resources. Political processes redistribute these gains to promote or reduce equity. Free trade means that anyone can trade with anyone else. Property rights are typically maintained, but government intervention in markets are minimal at best, (Wetzel). The fairness of this trade depends on the amount of com petition between buyers and sellers. For example, products price rises when there are few sellers and many buyers. In this case, sellers gained because they have â€Å"market power†.With few buyers and many sellers, the price falls; buyers use their market power to gain. Fair Trade is about more than just paying a fair wage. It means that trading partnerships are based on equal benefits and mutual respect; that prices paid to producers reflect the work they do; that workers have the right to organize; that national health, safety, and wage laws are enforced; and that products are environmentally sustainable and conserve natural resources, (Codey). When trade is freed, competition increases, market power falls and gains distributed more evenly. Numerous buyers and sellers in the farmer’s market reduce bargaining power.Seller competition pushes price down; buyer competition holds them up. Free trade can be fair trade, but agreements that open some markets to powerful pro ducer where they can use their market power, while keeping others closed and uncompetitive, are neither free nor fair. Free trade and fair trade can provide important benefits to participants. Free trade is benefit by all those involved, especially the large multination corporations. It helps nations develop the best economic policies for their citizens. Companies willing to meet consumer demand for several items will look for the cheapest resources or goods to increase supply.Nations engaging in free trade allow companies to import resources or goods from international countries with no government restrictions or tariffs. Governments placing restrictions or tariffs on imported goods often increase a cost of doing business in the domestic economic market, (Mathews 2009). Free trade can help nations improve job opportunities in the economic market. Meanwhile, fair trade provides favorable economic opportunity for those smallholder farming families able to join producer organizations and provide products of the right specifications for the market.Fair trade improves health, education, and agricultural development in the community. Finally, free and fair trade is somehow important to participants that are involved. However clarifying the different between free and fair trade, show how they may overlap, and the beneficial in each system is the main context of this essay. Codey, Scott & Embry, Mary. â€Å" Fair Trade Resource Network. † Education and Discussion to Mark Trade Fair. 1999. 05 Oct. 2012 Mathews, Tony. â€Å"Enhancing the Global Linkages of Cooperatives: The Fair Trade Option. † 2009. 05 Oct. 2012. Wetzel, Doug. â€Å"Fair V. S. Free Trade. † 1999-2012. 05 Oct 2012.

Beyond the Black Board

â€Å"Beyond the Blackboard† Context The part of the movie that struck me the most was when Stacy Bess break down moments. The moments when she cried because she felt quitting in teaching in the shelter and when she loosed her temper that made her raise her voice on Danny. Experience I can relate to this experience because in times of wrong things come in your way you get the idea of giving up.You become more fragile, confused and loses energy when the least things you expected hits you with the face of reality. When we don’t want to fail the people who believed in us and when we get our strength back we sometimes lose the reason for doing things. I failed my parents with giving them an F mark in my finals. They are my source of strength to do well in school because this is for them but I was a disappointment to them. I felt really down and lost.As I try to get back on track of my studies I told myself to deal with and learn from it. Reflection I could see is that Stacy was eager not to fail and quit on her students and the people around her. She made great efforts of changing those events with a wide range of great works and effort for her students to learn. Action If I will encounter this kind of situation, I would reflect well by going back to the reason I’m doing this and that is because I want to teach.In Stacy’s case, she loves teaching. Be inspired all over again by doing more than you did before and change everything for the best and the benefit of the many. Evaluation I think my actions may lead me to be a more persistent and striving person. I will not easily give up nor break. And from those mistakes I made in the past, I should look up to them as teaching life has given to me to be a better individual and teacher.

Greek Alphabet and Symbols in Chemistry

Greek Alphabet and Symbols in Chemistry Scholars used to be conversant with Greek and Latin as part of their education. They even used these languages to publish their ideas or work. Correspondence with other scholars was possible even if their native languages werent the same. Variables in science and mathematics need a symbol to represent them when they are written. A scholar would need a new symbol to represent their new idea and Greek was one of the tools at hand. Applying a Greek letter to a symbol became second nature. Today, while Greek and Latin arent on every students curriculum, the Greek alphabet is learned as needed. The table below lists all twenty-four letters in both upper and lowercase of the Greek alphabet used in science and mathematics. Name Upper Case Lower Case Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu Nu Xi Omicron Pi Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon Phi Chi Psi Omega

Rubrics - How to Make Grading Easier

Rubrics - How to Make Grading Easier Rubrics can be defined as a simplified way to grade a complicated assignment. For example, when you are grading an essay, how do you decide whether it gets an A or a B? What about if you are assigning number grades to the essay? Whats the difference between a 94 and a 96? The times that I have graded without a rubric, I have typically relied on the subjective method of reading and ranking. I read each essay and rank them in order from best to worst. Usually when Im knee deep in essays, I begin to wonder why I did this to myself. The easy answer, of course, is that it seems much easier to avoid the extra work required to create a rubric. However, the time saved up front is more than lost while grading. Here are three reasons why I find rubrics truly effective. First, rubrics save time because I can simply look at your rubric and mark off points. Second, rubrics keep me honest, even when Ive had a horrible day and my cat wont leave me alone. I feel much more objective as I sit before my mountain of papers. More important than these two reasons, however, is that when I have created a rubric beforehand and shown it to my students I get better quality work. They know what I want. They can also see right away where they lost points. How to Write a Rubric Writing a rubric is a fairly easy process even though it takes a little time. However, as Ive already explained, the time is worth it. Ive created step-by-step instructions for writing rubrics for any assignment you give. Examples of Rubrics Here are some wonderful rubrics that you can adapt and use today! Biography FrameworkBody Paragraph of an EssayCompare Contrast EssayCritical ThinkingDebate RubricFlorida Writes - Expository Persuasive EssaysExpository EssayPersuasive EssayStand Alone ParagraphSupporting DetailsWriting Prompts

How to Answer the Most Common Job Interview Questions

How to Answer the Most Common Job Interview Questions Going into a job interview can feel a bit like prepping for the Hunger Games. You have a general idea of what you’re facing, but you don’t know the specifics- who knows what those devilish game makers will have in store for you? Nobody dies here (unless job interviews have really changed since the last time I went on one), but there can be only one person left standing: the victor, the one with the job offer. And as in any good conflict where you want to come out on top, you want to be as prepared as possible going into it. It’s impossible to know exactly what questions to expect ahead of time, but there’s enough commonality in how job interviews are structured that you can take an educated guess- and educate yourself accordingly. Here’s how to answer common interview questions. 1. Standard Interview Questions2. Behavioral Interview Questions3. Tricky Interview QuestionsThe first thing to do is to figure out what kinds of questions you might face be fore you even think about trying to prep for specific questions. The question types fall into two categories: what we’ll call â€Å"standard† interview question and behavioral interview questions.Standard interview questions are about what you’d expect: questions that ask you about your past experience, your current skills, and your professional goals. Some examples:â€Å"Tell me more about your coding background.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Can you tell me about your day-to-day responsibilities in your most recent job?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"How did you get started in this industry?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"It says here that you worked for seven years at Job Co. What did you work on there?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"What is your biggest strength?† (And its devilish counterpart, â€Å"What is your biggest weakness?†)â€Å"Where do you see yourself in five years?†These are straightforward questions with (hopefully) straightforward answers. You know your resume and your experience better than anyone, so own the information.How to Approach Standard Interview QuestionsIf it helps, think of these questions as a kind of game show, like The Interview Guys do. There’s a concrete answer available for every standard interview question. â€Å"I don’t know† or uncomfortable silence will throw up a major red flag to the interviewer, so make sure that you’re solid on your resume, the job description for which you’re interviewing, and the talking points you want to use in the interview. (I’ll take â€Å"Leadership Experience† for $400, Alex.)Top 5 tips for answering standard interview questions:Be confident! You’re talking about your best professional self, so be ready to cover your skills and accomplishments.Don’t give short answers. If you’re asked about your background in coding, don’t just say, â€Å"I took a class five years ago,† then wait for the next question to come along. Say, â€Å"I start ed with a class five years ago, and took off from there. I’ve used and grown those skills in my current job, where I was responsible for updating and maintaining the company website.† You don’t need a novel’s worth of details, but the interviewer is looking for you to expand on your own history- all he or she knows is what’s in the bullets on your resume. It’s your job to fill those out and make yourself look like a well-rounded candidate.Remember: it’s not about you. But, you say, isn’t it about my experience and skills? Yes and no. The whole point of the interview is to see how you’ll fit in with this job and this company. So when you frame your answers, make sure you’re always emphasizing how this skill or that experience point relates to the job at hand.Be honest. This kind of question is where, uh, soft spots on your resume might come to light. The interviewer will expect you to be able to answer all of these questions with concrete info, so if you can’t offer supporting information, or have long and awkward pauses, that’s a problem. If you’re not fluent in Spanish, don’t list it. If you weren’t really the youngest CEO ever at your last company, don’t suggest you were. Forget a background check- if you can’t back up your resume’s assertions in the interview, you’ll never even get to that stage.Be specific. This isn’t so hard for questions about your background or your software proficiencies, but it’s tougher when you get to questions about your strengths and weaknesses. The best way to hone in on these is to think of specific examples from your past. For example, â€Å"At my current job, I developed a workflow that improved sales reporting, so I’m very good at zeroing in on challenges and working with a team to solve them.† Or, â€Å"I’d say my greatest weakness is my tendency to try to tak e everything on myself. In my last job, that led to a lot of stress around deadlines, and I’ve since learned that I need to work harder on prioritizing and setting boundaries to get everything done smoothly.†RELATED:  How to Answer These 5 Common (but tough) Interview QuestionsThe best advice we can offer you is to think about how to answer common interview questions in advance and anticipate having to give anecdotes about your experience. You won’t know ahead of time which ones are likely to come up, but by having talking points in your pocket for every part of your resume, you can be ready for any standard questions that come up.Behavioral interview questions are a little less straightforward, with no easy answer. These questions are kind of like storytime: the interviewer will ask you to talk about a specific time you faced a challenge or demonstrated a skill. You’ll know behavioral questions when you hear them because they’ll have telltale phr ases like:â€Å"Tell me about a time you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"What would you do if†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"Show me how you handled†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"Walk me through a time when you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"How would you deal with†¦Ã¢â‚¬ What do all of these have in common? There’s a performance element, and usually an action verb. It’s on you to come up with an answer, and phrase it in a smooth interview operator kind of way.RELATED:  How to Answer Behavioral Interview QuestionsHow to Approach Behavioral Interview QuestionsThe approach for these questions isn’t so different from that of traditional questions. They just require a little more thinking on your feet, because there’s no easy factual answer. You’ll be drawing from your history directly (â€Å"tell me about a time when you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ), or indirectly (â€Å"what would you do if†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ).Top 5 tips for answering behavioral interview questions:It’s not about you, itâ€℠¢s about them. The advice for standard interview questions (#3 above) remains the same here: remember that it’s really about the interviewer and the company, not you. You’ll be providing info that illustrates how you have operated and will likely operate as an employee, but that information will be weighed against what the company wants and needs for this job opening. You’re not answering the questions in a vacuum. So make sure that your answers dovetail with the job description.Don’t be brutally honest. If you’re asked about the biggest challenge in your career so far, and your most trying time happens to have been the royal-est screwup in the history of royal screw-ups, don’t bring it up. Before the interview, spend time thinking about less dramatic anecdotes that don’t make you look bad. Or if you do end up talking about a time you messed up, absolutely make sure to follow up with a quick point about how you learned from it and hav e turned it to your advantage.Come up with pre-answers in certain categories. Behavioral questions usually seek to draw you out on skills like leadership, problem-solving, and personal interaction. Long before the interview, start doing a personal audit of your work history and come up with a list of relevant anecdotes in the following areas:Challenges you faced, and how you overcame themTimes you led others or managed a complicated project with numerous peopleWorkplace conflicts or differences of opinion, and how you handled themKeep it brief. You don’t want to leave them confused or wanting more by being too abrupt, but if you feel yourself start to ramble on (adding details that aren’t really necessary, explaining things in tangents), then rein yourself in a bit. Rehearse your likely stories ahead of time, so you can adjust the flow, and what feels like the right presentation. Rambling can come off as nervous babbling, and you don’t want to undermine your con fident aura on interview day.Keep it professional. They’re definitely not looking for examples from your personal life- make sure you limit your stories to things that happened at work.The Trickiest QuestionsOnce you know the types of questions and how to mine your resume and experience to prep ahead of time, you can focus more on the most challenging questions of all: the â€Å"you tell us† questions. These aren’t really standard interview questions, because they’re not straight facts or expansions on points found on your resume. They’re not really behavioral, either, because they don’t illustrate how you’ve approached workplace issues in the past (or would). They’re open-ended, and that’s what makes them scarier. Some examples of these extra-hard interview questions.â€Å"Tell me about yourself.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Why should we hire you?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Why do you want to work here?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Why did you leave your last job ?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Do you have any questions for me?†Ã¢â‚¬ËœWhat is your biggest weakness?†Spin negatives into positives. This applies most fully to the â€Å"biggest weakness† and â€Å"why did you leave your last job?† questions (especially if you were let go, or left in a bad situation). The kind of formula you should keep in mind is, â€Å"I experienced X, but I learned Y, and now I work very hard on achieving Z. It’s an experience that I take very seriously.†Don’t pull the interviewer’s leg. If you’re asked about a weakness, talk about a weakness†¦don’t try to say you work too hard, and gosh darn it, that’s your biggest flaw. Every single one of us has real flaws, and candidness can be the key to establishing trust with the interviewer. However, when you talk about a weakness or a challenge you’ve faced, always, always (did I mention â€Å"always†?) talk about what you did/do to overcome i t, and what you’ve learned from it.Don’t panic†¦or pause too long. The deer-in-headlights reaction is not a good look during the interview. Either you look like you’re trying to invent an answer, or you look like you just don’t know how to respond. Practicing answers for the questions above (using, again, specific examples from your resume and your work history) can help you feel more comfortable with repurposing your material for a variety of potential questions.Always tie it to the job/company. Before the interview, review the job description, and highlight the areas that connect to your resume. If the job calls for managerial skills, â€Å"tell me about yourself† can be a quick walkthrough of your rise to leading men and women to greatness (increased sales or efficiency). If it’s a general question about why you want to work here,Keep it professional (redux). If you want to work for this company because your commute would be cut in h alf, don’t say that. â€Å"Tell me about yourself† is not an invitation to show pictures of your beloved pet lizard, Dr. Greenjeans III. Just give a quick rundown of where you are, professionally, and where you’re hoping to go. Personal opinions and personal life don’t really belong in an interview. (Exception: mild small talk before or after the interview- but even then, no big personal confessions or controversial opinions.)RELATED:  How to Answer the Toughest Interview QuestionsThe best way to deal with any interview questions is to prepare in advance- you can practice the spirit of them, if not the exact content. If you have a trusted buddy or family member, have them lob unscripted (professional) questions at you, so you can get better at fielding things on the fly. And if you need a cheat sheet on common interview questions and how to tackle them in the meantime, here’s a quick overview you can use as a reference. [via UndercoverRecruiter]A nd remember the most important part: you got this! Don’t panic no matter what you’re asked, and answer with confidence. May the interview go ever in your favor!

Analyze a story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyze a story - Essay Example Hawthorne intends to show the reader the struggle between good and evil which goes on in every individual. He points out the hypocrisy which is common in the Puritan society of that age. The Puritans hide the evil in themselves underneath pretense. Hawthorne uses characterization, setting and symbolism to show that human nature is a mixture of good and evil. Hawthorne’s characters all show themselves to be a combination of good and evil. Young Goodman Brown first speaks proudly of his ancestors: â€Å"We have been a race of honest men and good Christians since the days of the martyrs† (Hawthorne, 1034). The Devil is quick to point out that the Goodman’s grandfather, a constable, was also the man who cruelly accused a poor woman of witchcraft, beating her on the streets. Under the devil’s influence, the Goodman’s father set fire to an Indian village. Young Goodman Brown then boasts of the stern morals of the general population of the Puritans of New England, who are â€Å"people of prayer, and good works to boot, and abide no such wickedness† (Hawthorne, 1035). The demon in turn boasts that he is on intimate terms with public persons ranging from the deacons to the governor. Goody Cloyse, â€Å"a very pious and exemplary dame, who had taught him his catechism in youth† (Hawthorne, 1035) al so proves to be close to the devil; in fact, Goody Cloyse is a witch who uses â€Å"the fat of a new-born babe† in her evil spells (Hawthorne, 1036). Even the pious old minister of the Goodman’s village church and his assistant, Deacon Gookin, are eagerly on their way to join the devil’s gathering. Young Goodman Brown himself is the best example of a good man who cannot control the dark side of his nature. He is confident in the strength of his goodness and asks his wife, â€Å"What my sweet, pretty wife, dost thou doubt me already?† (Hawthorne, 1033). However, although he continues to feel some doubts about his journey, and expresses his reluctance to accompany

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 34

Case Study Example The GP refers Daphne to a geriatrician for a comprehensive geriatric assessment. Before the assessment is undertaken, Daphne falls heavily in the shower and fractures her hip. Timothy contacts Jonathon, who calls an ambulance and after assessing Daphne the paramedics transfer her to hospital. Following surgery Daphne spends a month mobilising in the rehabilitation ward before being transferred to the sub-acute Transitional Care Unit. Here she is assessed for continuing transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs) and for further signs of cognitive impairment and memory loss. At the multidisciplinary team case conference it is decided that, due to Daphne’s increasing frailty and cognitive decline, her discharge planning will include an ACAT Assessment for high level care in a Residential Aged Care Facility (RACF). As Daphne’s Enduring Guardian and Power of Attorney, Timothy is contacted to participate in a family case conference with the multidisciplinary team, consisting of a geriatrician, resident medical officer (RMO), physiotherapist, occupational therapi st, dietician, social worker, and a transitional unit registered nurse responsible for discharge planning. Q1: In your allocated role as part of the HOSPITAL multidisciplinary team in the case conference, what are the issues you need to consider in order for Daphne to be admitted to residential care? - 150 words As an occupational therapist, my role is to assess the home environment to make recommendations for residential care. The ability that Daphne has to look after herself needs to be taken into account, as someone who is unable to carry out daily life without significant help may require admission into residential care. As part of the hospital-based team, I would also consider what type of residential care that Daphne might need – some residential care homes offer

Phd proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Phd proposal - Essay Example Additionally, the proliferation of group-based delivery schemes has supported the view that positive impacts have redounded in the lives of women individually as well as collectively, as a result of the availability of micro-credit facilities. In this regard, empowerment was more commonly measured in terms of eight indicators: women’s economic contribution to the household income; mobility, or the ability of women to travel without escort; ability to make small purchases; ability to make large purchases; ownership of productive assets; involvement in the formulation of major decisions; freedom from family domination; and political awareness (Hashemi, et al., 1996). On the matter of impacts, Chen (1997) was among the first to use this framework to arrive at three pathways to empowerment that micro-credit programmes are found to produce among its clientele. The three pathways are identified as the cognitive, the perceptual, and the relational impacts. The cognitive impact determ ines the distance by which the participants’ skills and knowledge have improved due to their participation in the programme. Among these are the knowledge of how to save, to plan for the future, and to take greater control of personal and household finances. Also included are learning how to bank money, learning of the virtues of industry and hard work, discipline and strong-mindedness; money management and bank rolling profits; and small business dynamics of learning how to take advantage of seasonality, of diversification, and quick inventory turnover. The second is perceptual impact, which revolves around how women see themselves. Included here are women’s self-confidence, self-reliance, and self-esteem, as well as their changing vision of their future as a result thereof. Finally, the third pathway is the relational impact, or the manner the programme has changed the participants with regard to their family relationships (Johnson, 2005). Primary among these relatio nships is the participants’ relationship with their husbands. There are two divergent pathways. One is the husband’s initial suspicion about the wife’s comings and goings, which is later replaced by an appreciative acknowledgement of her new abilities, a higher level of respect accorded her, and their appreciation for the woman’s contribution to the household income. There have been cases, however, depending on the culture in which the couple are embedded, of husbands expressing resentment against their wives for spending too much time away from their household duties (Johnson, 2005). Criticisms The claim that micro credit provides economic empowerment has been criticized for the narrow construction it ascribes to â€Å"empowerment.† The focus on micro credit programs tends to misleadingly circumscribe women’s empowerment to their economic adequacy; this tends to simplify the issue of transformational empowerment, and relegating womenâ€℠¢s subordinate role to a matter of economic mainstreaming. For instance, Stephen Lewis decried the â€Å"mainstreaming† of gender issues in the UN system, because of fragmentation and dispersal of efforts among several agencies which are under funded and maligned (Goetz & Sandler, 2007). Mainstreaming indicates that integration is being intended, rather than the creation of entities specifically advocating solutions to the plight of women. It tends to

Report on the UK Governments new welfare system project Essay

Report on the UK Governments new welfare system project - Essay Example Every country do have their system policies so as to make her citizens live with ease and access the basic requirements whether young, middle aged or at the old age. The UK government thus has developed a project in the welfare system under the universal credit plan of to help all groups in the society as the service takes care of both the unemployed, students, the working lot, hence providing a welfare of all kinds under one roof. However the project has experienced delays in its implementation due to arousing challenges in the key sectors. For instance, the IT department finds it difficult to bring together composite processor systems so as to enhance claimant registration, poor management of the project by officials and constant different political opinion from the political divide. Nevertheless the government is hopeful that the project will go through. Welfare system is quiet important to any national government priority as it determines the nature of the future population hence key reforms must be put to it as people develop, grow in size and face various challenges in different economic times. Thus over the periods a number of reforms have taken place right from 20th to 21st centuries. In the early days the provision of welfare was on voluntary rather than state offered as mutually and friendly partners benefited each other. Thus as new governments came in, they developed refined ideas aiming at improving the general society. For example the Labor party members used the policy on welfare reforms as key tool in their campaigns. Hence the current government has embarked on reforms of the implementation of the unthinkable concepts generated by the earlier leaders. This is motivated by theories that a good welfare system determines the behavior of the public to any country as it helps shape actions and traits of the citizens, provid es good motivation and moral will between the government and the

Virtualisation and Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Virtualisation and Security - Essay Example It involves providing coherent operation process instead of physical computer view resources. Virtualization helps in facilitating many things possible since it allow computer users trick operating system to think that groups of servers operate like single pool. Virtualization can also allow running of multiple operating system in a single machine (Roemer, 2011, p. 2). The intrinsic advantage linked to virtualization shows various threats attraction that limits unlimited use when such system operates in open platforms. Setting strategic threat prevention measures act as effective dealings for virtualized infrastructure. Subsequently, the paper explores domineering strategies of that effectively eliminate potential threats to virtualized infrastructures. This classification of virtualization involves merging of physical storage system mainly obtained from multiple server networks storage located in the web. The merging of physical storage will make the device to appear as a single data storage device. It also creates more space in the device that increases the storage more information virtually (Grubor, Ivanis, 2012, p. 5). Virtualization of server describes the process whereby the server hide physical resource from the system. The physical resources hidden from the server include operating system, resources from software running them to create more space for data storage. This process has effective nature since only the user can locate data storage location thus preventing unauthorized access. This protects data from malware and hacking. (Buttyan, Bencsath, 2013, 1). This type of virtualization refers to amalgamation of network within the computing resources to form a single source. The process allows spilling of available bandwidth to form independent channels for data transmission within the network to allow faster data transfer. This independent channel also facilitates assigning of

Religion and Prison System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Religion and Prison System - Essay Example The current prison and jail population in recent times has shown a substantial rise of over two million. America undoubtedly leads the world in terms of number of imprisoned population and that is a disgrace. USA prison system has made millions lives to live constantly under the threat of torture. This is precisely true for the 6.9 million individuals in USA who are at present imprisoned or some way or the other subject to the USA penal body (Franklin). More insidiously, the prison system has essentially assisted in turning torture into a normal, lawful, and a common part of American culture. Imprisonment can be classified as a form of torture owing to the fact that it is considered as the legal form of both punishment and avoidance. Moreover, the American prison system is typically designed and run to maximize filth, brutality, and punishment. As mentioned by Franklin â€Å"Beatings, electric shock, prolonged exposure to heat and even immersion in scalding water, sodomy with riot b atons, nightsticks, flashlights, and broom handles, shackled prisoners forced to lie in their own excrement for hours or even days, months of solitary confinement, rape and murder by guards or prisoners instructed by guards† (Franklin) are very common within the closed walls of the American prison.... Christianity does not provide an easy answer to the viability of torture that is practiced by mankind. It does provide a sense of hope about something that Christians should respect and consider even more than their individual and national security. Due to the fact that the portrayal of the black sites are as elusive as attempts to define their legal status, a chronology from the past eight years of information pertinent to them can efficiently aid in understanding the phenomenon of the black sites. It is true that the black sites function beyond the jurisdiction of international and even, for all intents and purposes the American law. However, the way in which they do so is dependent and logically coherent with the divisions of power and accountability between various government agencies and departments-in particular, the pentagon, FBI, and CIA. The black sites are on the fringe of places that common man is able to see, but are cordoned off by essential makeshift legal fences. After the incident of 9/11, the CIA was ordered to operate and carry on their procedures without any legal restraints. By late 2001, empowered to act without restraints, the CIA fell short of places to hide their high valued detainees. Again the additional freedom that was granted to CIA instigated a desire to acquire greater control over their investigation without any sort of external indulgence. Due to this, the government of United States of America allotted millions of dollars to construct private prisons that were exclusively meant for the CIA. These private prisons are known as black sites. The first known and prominent black site was constructed in Kabul on an old factory site named as the ‘salt pit’. In the

Virtualisation and Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Virtualisation and Security - Essay Example It involves providing coherent operation process instead of physical computer view resources. Virtualization helps in facilitating many things possible since it allow computer users trick operating system to think that groups of servers operate like single pool. Virtualization can also allow running of multiple operating system in a single machine (Roemer, 2011, p. 2). The intrinsic advantage linked to virtualization shows various threats attraction that limits unlimited use when such system operates in open platforms. Setting strategic threat prevention measures act as effective dealings for virtualized infrastructure. Subsequently, the paper explores domineering strategies of that effectively eliminate potential threats to virtualized infrastructures. This classification of virtualization involves merging of physical storage system mainly obtained from multiple server networks storage located in the web. The merging of physical storage will make the device to appear as a single data storage device. It also creates more space in the device that increases the storage more information virtually (Grubor, Ivanis, 2012, p. 5). Virtualization of server describes the process whereby the server hide physical resource from the system. The physical resources hidden from the server include operating system, resources from software running them to create more space for data storage. This process has effective nature since only the user can locate data storage location thus preventing unauthorized access. This protects data from malware and hacking. (Buttyan, Bencsath, 2013, 1). This type of virtualization refers to amalgamation of network within the computing resources to form a single source. The process allows spilling of available bandwidth to form independent channels for data transmission within the network to allow faster data transfer. This independent channel also facilitates assigning of

Heritage Valley Medical Center Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Heritage Valley Medical Center - Assignment Example In the past, Heritage Valley Medical Center was a very successful medical facility, serving all its patients with dignity and equality to an extent that both the community and the staff of the facility were completely satisfied with the services. However, this has changed over time, with the introduction of a change in the medical policy that allowed more minority population to access the services offered by the facility. This change saw the community patient ratios change from the initial 80% Caucasian, 15% African American, and 5% Hispanic, to a new ratio of 50% Caucasian, 40% African, and 10% Hispanic. With this change, the financial capacity of the medical center has gown down, since the increase in the minority community patients means a reduction in private pay patients and thus money paid for the medical services (Buchbinder & Thompson, 2010). However, the ethnic composition of the health medical center staff did not change, having the facilities team dominated by the Caucasian medical professionals, while the African Americans dominated the support and the administrative staff segment of the facility. The Hispanic community was barely represented, having just one manager in the entire team. The whole executive team was dominated by Caucasians who made a 100% of the team members. There was a good cooperation between the staff of the facilities, until a report regarding the satisfaction of the communities with the facility services was discussed at a meeting. During the meeting, it became apparent that the minorities were not satisfied with the services. ... This indicates that the facility staff composition has not put gender balance policy in place (Buchbinder & Thompson, 2010). Another issue identifiable in this case is the lack of diversity in the staff composition under some segments. While the executive and the medical professional segments are represented by the Caucasian predominantly, the administrative and support staff segment is represented by the African Americans. The Hispanics do not seem to have any representation in the staff team. This is a clear indication that there lacks diversity in the staff team (Buchbinder & Thompson, 2010). Cultural value disrespect is yet another issue that is apparent in this case. The Caucasian staffs do not seem to value the cultures of other communities, especially the minority communities. They regard the language of other communities as intolerable, while perceiving the accompanying of minority patients by their family members into the facility as uncivilized. The African Americans on the other hand do not seem to be proud of their culture, and they disregard the cultures of the Hispanics and the Asians, arguing they need to learn how to speak in English. Language barrier is yet another issue observable in the case, where the patients and the staffs do not seem to understand each other when they are communicating (Buchbinder & Thompson, 2010). The nurses argue that they cannot understand the language spoken by the Asians and the Africans, and as such, they may not be able to serve their needs appropriately. Nepotism is yet another issue identified in the case, where the Caucasian community patients seems satisfied with the services offered by the medical center, while the other

Examine how soaps attract their target audience Essay Example for Free

Examine how soaps attract their target audience Essay The reason I am writing this essay is because I am going to identify the difference between two soaps, one is Australian and the other is English. The Australian soap is called Neighbours and the English soap is Coronation Street. We are looking at these two soaps because we are seeing how successful each soap is at attracting its target audience. The first soap I will write about will be Coronation Street this soap is the English soap out of the two, so it is set in England at a town called Wetherfield, just outside of Manchester. In real life Wetherfield is a town down south. The set of Coronation Street has an old pebble street, with old terrace housing. There are many meeting places within the soap which are Peoples houses, but in the specific episode I am talking about the house that it is set in are Janises house. The houses that it makes the street typically English are old Victorian houses which are Terrance houses. The other meting places within the soap are Rovers Inn, the cafi and Roys Rolls. On the episode I watched the climate was very cold and cloudy. The main characters which appear on the soap Coronation Street are Janice and Les who are married but are getting a divorce. Dev and Gina are another two big characters in the episode I am writing about. They are getting married, in the episode we only see them on there hen and stag night. The other characters which dont play much of a part in the episode I am talking are Deidre, Ken, Curly, Terry and Maxine. There are 10 storyline going on in Coronation street, I will tell you some of them. Deidre had a one night stand with Dev, but now Dev is getting married to Gina, so Deidre is upset. A surprise party is being organized of the happy couples getting married, which are Dev and Dina. Curly and his partner had a baby. Janices boyfriend Dennis died in a car accident. Last but not least Maxine is pregnant. The way the storylines are set out in the episodes is that the skip to one storyline at a time so it would be like a cycle e. g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4. I think the best characters in Coronation Street are Dev and Dina, because they really do look like they are in love, as I don not normally watch this soap I could tell straight away that they were in love. Since I dont have background information on the soap I cant tell if Dev and Dina are together in real life or not, but if they are not they are really good actors. The best storyline in Coronation Street has to be the party that the street was organizing for the married couple to be, and how Deidre looks all upset and depressed. The way that the producer makes the soap Coronation Street typically English is the English accent is brought into the soap, many pubs in the street which England has take fleet for example we must have roughly about 10 pubs where I live. The way the characters use the typically English phrase do you want a cup of tea? which this phrase is often heard in the English language. Also earlier in the essay I mentioned that there were coble streets and Terrance houses. The target audience the soap Coronation Street is aimed at is mainly older people and their family and middle aged women. The theme tune makes you feel really old. The reason I said family was because Coronation Street is put on in prime time when all the family gets together. An middle aged women can convert to there life through an soap like Coronation Street there is also another reason an middle age women might watch Coronation Street this reason would be that there are many female characters in the soap. . One of the characters in Coronation Street is a certain race to this will encourage other races to watch the soap. Another character in the soap has they same affect on the audience and that is Roy because he owns his own company other people who think that they cant relate to Coronation Street they watch how is business is going. I know this because my Uncle Robert does the same thing. The storyline with Janice and lose of her boyfriend is another eye catcher for the audience as many people can relate to it as they might have lost there boyfriend through death or just breakup. The other storyline with attracts the audiences attention is Maxine and her that she is carrying even tough the baby isnt her boyfriends she will have to face the truth one day, another case of the same story is in Eastenders where Lisa has had Phils baby. The location of the soap Neighbours is set in Australia. Also in Coronation Street the soap Neighbours also has many meeting points which are peoples houses but in the episode i watched it was just Lous place. The other meting places were Good Hair Day Salon, the Dina, outside Karls warehouse and the school. The Climate unlike Coronation Street was sunny hot with a lovely clear sky. Some of the main characters which appear in the soap, are Karl and Susan who are married and have two kids called Stephanie and .. Lou and Louise are other two main Characters in the soap and Lou is the Father of Louise. Sandy and John are married. And there are many other characters who are Libby, Drew, Paul, Felicity, Joe, Todd, Toady, Maggie, Emily, Evan, Lyn, Harold, Leo, Matt, Dee, Tess, Michelle, Joel and Sandy. There are only 5 compared to Coronation Street in which there are 10. In Neighbours Lou is losing Louise his daughter because he lost the Hearing. Stephanie has got a job interview, which she doesnt get because her Mum and sister give her a makeover, in which the Interviewer did not like as Stephanie would be working with men. Stephanie also runs into an old mate who she new through Woody, as woody and him shared the same room in hospital. Leos dad recons that Leo is being bullied, so he takes action. As Leo confronts his dad to say that he wasnt bullied but didnt give certain people their essays that they paid for. Karl is receiving a delivery in which he hasnt the slightest clue what the deliver contains. I think the best character in Neighbours is Lou as he has such a hard part to play, losing his Louise is a very heart breaking experience, which also brings Lou thinking how much one Human being means to him. I also recon the best storyline has to be Lou losing Louise, I does make you want to cry, it also brings the audiences emotions into the picture. The soap Neighbours is typically Australian because of the climate which I mentioned earlier on in the essay. The registration number on the car is Australian. At the beginning of the soap while the theme tune is playing the characters are all around a pool and are having a BBQ in which the Australians are famous for. The Target audience for Neighbours is completely different from the audience that Coronation Street is aiming for. The producer of Neighbours is aiming for a much younger audience than Coronation Street. The storyline where Lou loses Louise attracts too different ages of the audience, the younger and the older, because some kids could refer to Louises situation, and some adults can refer to Lous situation on letting Louise go. Early twenties are aimed at as well as Stephanie goes for a job interview in which she doesnt get. Leo brings younger people to the audience as he is in high school, and Karl brings business people to the audience as he owns his own business in the soap the same as Roy in Coronation Street. My conclusion on the soaps Coronation Street and Neighbours is that Neighbours attracted the audience it was aiming for much better that Coronation Street as in Neighbours they brought the story of Lou and Louise. In Coronation Street there was much to relate to in my age group. As I have mentioned before Lous story brings everyones emotions together. As I do not normally watch these soaps I dont see if Coronation Street relates to me or not.

Spectrometry Types and Applications

Spectrometry Types and Applications Spectrophotometry is the quantifiable study of interaction of electromagnetic radiations with the matter. Electromagnetic radiations do not require any medium for its transmission. It consists of two components, electric and magnetic field. Spectrophotometry involves the use of a spectrophotometer. A spectrophotometer is a photometer (a device for measuring light intensity) that can measure intensity as a function of the color (or more specifically the wavelength) of light. Spectrophotometry is the spectroscopic technique used to assess the concentration or amount of a given species. Spectrophotometer makes use of the transmission of light through a solution to determine the concentration of a solute within the solution. It is often used in physical and analytical chemistry for the identification/characterization of substances through the spectrum emitted from or absorbed by them. It is also used to examine the behavior of chemical substances after electromagnetic irradiation such as gamma rays, X-rays, ultra violet rays, infrared rays, radio waves and microwaves. It gives detailed information about inter-molecular bonding types or molecular changes occurring during enzymatic reactions and mitochondrial electron transport chain. Qualitative and quantitative measurement of biomolecules even in impure samples can be done rapidly and conveniently. Uses: To determine the molecular structure To estimate the energy levels of the ions and complexes in a chemical system along with the compositions. To get an idea regarding absorption and emission details of the specimen To understand the intrinsic configuration and relative association and chemical shifts Determine the wavelength of maximum absorbance. UV-Visible Spectroscopy: UV-visible spectroscopy investigates the interactions between ultraviolet or visible electromagnetic radiation and matter. Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) is a reliable and accurate analytical laboratory assessment procedure that allows for the analysis of a substance. Specifically, ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy measures the absorption, transmission and emission of ultraviolet and visible light wavelengths by matter. UV-visible spectroscopic measurements provide precise information about atomic and molecular structure. It consists of light of several colors ranging from violet to red. This is now termed the UV-visible electromagnetic spectrum. The ultraviolet and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are linked in UV-vis spectroscopy because similarities between the two regions allow many of the same research techniques and tools to be used for both regions. The ultraviolet region (about 450-200 nm) is particularly important for the qualitative and quantitative determination of many organic compounds. In the visible region (about 450-700 nm), spectrophotometric methods are widely used for the quantitative determination of many trace substances, especially inorganic species. Special instrumentation is used in UV-vis spectroscopy. Hydrogen or deuterium lights provide the source of light for ultraviolet measurements. Tungsten lamps provide the light for visible measurements. These light sources generate light at specific wavelengths. Deuterium lamps generate light in the UV range (190 to 380nm). Tungsten-halogen lamps generate light in the visible spectrum (380 to about 800 nm).Xenon lamps which can produce light in the UV and visible portions of the spectrum are used to measure both UV and visible spectra. Uses: Uv/Vis Spectrophotometry is used to determine the absorption or transmission of Uv/Vis light (180 to 820 nm) by a sample. It can also be used to measure concentrations of absorbing materials based on developed calibration curves of the material. It is routinely used in the quantitative determination of solutions of transition metal ions and highly conjugated organic compounds. Its main applications are; Quantitative determination of chromophores concentrations in solution Impurity determination by spectrum subtraction Determination of reaction kinetics Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorometry or spectrofluorometry, is a type of electromagnetic spectroscopy which analyzes fluorescence from a sample.Fluorescence occurs when a molecule absorbs photons from the U.V.-visible light spectrum (200-900 nm), causing transition to a high-energy electronic state and then emits photons as it returns to its initial state, in less than 10-9 sec. Fluorimetry characterizes the relationship between absorbed and emitted photons at specified wavelengths. It is a precise quantitative analytical technique that is inexpensive and easily mastered. Fluorescence spectroscopy is an important investigational tool in many areas of analytical science, due to its extremely high sensitivity and selectivity. With many uses across a broad range of chemical, biochemical and medical research, it has become an essential investigational technique allowing detailed, real-time observation of the structure and dynamics of intact biological systems with extremely high resolu tion. It is particularly heavily used in the pharmaceutical industry where it has almost completely replaced radiochemical labelling. Fluorescent compounds or fluorophors can be identified and quantified on the basis of their excitation and emission properties. The excitation and emission properties of a compound are fixed, for a given instrument and environmental condition, and can be used for identification and quantification. The principal advantage of fluorescence over radioactivity and absorption spectroscopy is the ability to separate compounds on the basis of either their excitation or emission spectra, as opposed to a single spectra. This advantage is further enhanced by commercial fluorescent dyes that have narrow and distinctly separated excitation and emission spectra. The sensitivity of fluorescence is approximately 1,000 times greater than absorption spectrophotometric methods. Uses: Fluorescence spectroscopy is used in, among others, biochemical, medical, and chemical research fields for analyzing organic compounds. There has also been a report of its use in differentiating malignant, bashful skin tumors from benign.In particular, the measurements of fluorescence spectrum, lifetime and polarization are powerful methods of studying biological structure and function. The fluorescence spectrum is highly sensitive to the biochemical environment of the fluorophor. Fluorophors have been designed such that their spectra change as a function of the concentration of metabolites, such as pH and calcium. A major disadvantage of fluorescence is the sensitivity of fluorescence intensity to fluctuations in pH and temperature. Flame Photometry: Flame photometry (more accurately called flame atomic emission spectrometry) is a branch of atomic spectroscopy in which the species examined in the spectrometer are in the form of atoms. Flame photometry is suitable for qualitative and quantitative determination of several cations in biological specimens, especially for metals that are easily excited to higher energy levels at a relatively low flame temperature (mainly Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Ba, and Cu). This technique uses a flame that evaporates the solvent and also sublimates and atomizes the metal and then excites a valence electron to an upper energy state. Light is emitted at characteristic wavelengths for each metal as the electron returns to the ground state that makes qualitative determination possible. Flame photometers use optical filters to monitor for the selected emission wavelength produced by the analyte species. Comparison of emission intensities of unknowns to either that of standard solutions or to those of an interna l standard allows quantitative analysis of the analyte metal in the sample solution. Because of the very narrow and characteristic emission lines from the gas-phase atoms in the flame plasma, the method is relatively free of interferences from other elements. Flame photometry has many advantages. It is a simple, relatively inexpensive, high sample throughput method used for clinical, biological, and environmental analysis. The flame photometers are relatively simply instruments. There is no need for source of light, since it is the measured constituent of the sample that is emitting the light. The energy that is needed for the excitation is provided by the temperature of the flame (2000-3000  °C), produced by the burning of acetylene or natural gas (or propane-butane gas) in the presence of air or oxygen. By the heat of the flame and the effect of the reducing gas (fuel), molecules and ions of the sample species are decomposed and reduced to give atoms, e.g.: Na+ + e- à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  Na. Atoms in the vapour state give line spectra. (Not band spectra, because there are no covalent bonds hence there are not any vibrational sub-levels to cause broadening). The mono chromator selects the suitable (characteristic) wavelength of the emitted light. The emitted light reaches the detector. This is a photomultiplier producing an electric signal proportional to the intensity of emitted light. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry: In analytical chemistry, atomic absorption spectroscopy is a technique for determining the concentration of a particular metal element in a sample. The technique can be used to analyze the concentration of over 70 different metals in a solution. The technique makes use of absorption spectrometry to assess the concentration of an analyte in a sample. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) determines the presence of metals in liquid samples. Metals include Fe, Cu, Al, Pb, Ca, Zn, Cd and many more. It also measures the concentrations of metals in the samples. Typical concentrations range in the low mg/L range. The electrons of the atoms in the atomizer can be promoted to higher orbitals for a short amount of time by absorbing a light of a given wavelength. This amount of energy (or wavelength) is specific to a particular electron transition in a particular element, and in general, each wavelength corresponds to only one element. This gives the technique its elemental selectivity. In order to analyze a sample for its atomic constituents, it has to be atomized. The sample should then be illuminated by light. The light transmitted is finally measured by a detector. The light source is usually a hollow-cathode lamp of the element that is being measured. Lasers are also used in research instruments. Since lasers are intense enough to excite atoms to higher energy levels. The disadvantage of these narrow-band light sources is that only one element is measurable at a time. AA spectroscopy requires that the analyte atoms be in the gas phase. Ions or atoms in a sample must undergo desolvation and vaporization in a high-temperature source such as a flame or graphite furnace. Flame AA can only analyze solutions, while graphite furnace AA can accept solutions, slurries, or solid samples. The graphite furnace has several advantages over a flame. It is a much more efficient atomizer than a flame and it can directly accept very small absolute quantities of sample. It also p rovides a reducing environment for easily oxidized elements. Samples are placed directly in the graphite furnace and the furnace is electrically heated in several steps to dry the sample, ash organic matter, and vaporize the analyte atoms. AA spectrometers use monochromators and detectors for uv and visible light. The main purpose of the monochromator is to isolate the absorption line from background light due to interferences. Simple dedicated AA instruments often replace the monochromator with a bandpass interference filter.

Death Of A Salesman :: essays research papers

In the first B.C dramatist known as Aristotle started to write a series of plays called the tragedies. They were as follows: the play revolved around a great man, such as a king or war hero, who had a tragic flaw. This flaw would eventually become his downfall and he would fall from his glory. In the case of obvious it was his hubris; and Oedipus, his pride and curiosity. Through out the play the hero has many opportunities to overcome his mistakes. On the other side, the reason that his nature he sarcomas to it and deals with a sever punishment. Even though these types of plays are still written today most authors have varied their loom of writing a tragedy. An example is Author Miller. He attempts to illustrate the misfortune in the common man; he shows this in â€Å"Death to a Salesman.† According to Arthur Miller, "the tragic feeling is evoked in us when we are in the presence of a character who ready to put his life aside, if necessary, to secure one thing - his sense of personal dignity." (Tragedy and the Common Man p.1) He is saying in this quotation is that even that the common man can even be tragic because occasionally the one thing that she prizes the most, his sense of self-dignity, can be so jaded that he will sacrifice his own life to secure this dignity. In â€Å"Death to a Salesman†, Arthur Miller successfully shows that you do not have to be someone important or king to show that. The classical model of a tragedy is that of someone of a high position contains superior qualities such as leadership for instance a king. However the hero always has a flaw, which may be an excess of one of these qualities such as hubris. This hero while trying to accomplish a goal such as a quest will eventually be dealt punishment, which is usually death. One could argue that not only Aristotle’s definition of tragedy is true but that there can be many different kinds of tragedies. From the tragedy of a common man to that of a family or group of people. In opposition to Aristotle's view one could argue that any type of man could show tragic qualities, no matter what social environment the man comes from. The hero could range from a highly intellectual and educated man with great potential but whose flaw is lack of motivation, to a crack addict living on the street who refuses to enter rehab. The fate of people such as this might not be as appalling as death; however may be economic failure or social rejection.

Plato and Gettier on Knowledge Essay

Plato in one of his most famous earliest dialogue Meno tried to provide a new way of explaining how we humans ‘acquire’ knowledge. The common notion of the ancient Greeks and even to our times on how we acquire knowledge is the characteristic of knowledge to be taught and learned. Knowledge in a sense is an outside entity that resides outside ourselves. We learn outside of ourselves through our environment or other people that try to teach us. However, the events and flow of discussion in Meno had convinced Plato to provide a new framework that will be able to discuss how we acquire knowledge. Plato’s basic discussion says that knowledge acquisition is more in fact a matter of recollection rather than learning. We acquire knowledge and ideas from the inside of ourselves and not through the lessons outside ours. Plato rooted this from the belief of the priest and diviners and even philosophers to the immortality of the soul. The soul had existed since time immemorial making it able to know everything it needs to know. Whatever knowledge and ideas had already been embedded on the soul because of immortal existence. However, as the soul transfer from one body to another body because of the mortality of the human body, Plato argued that as the body withers and dies, all the knowledge are forgotten and put into background. From here, Plato would argue for the knowledge acquisition to be a matter of recollection and remembering of the knowledge and ideas already possessed by the soul. Plato believed that whatever we know is a recollected and remembered idea of the soul’s former existence. This concept was explained by Socrates to Meno with the help of Meno’s slave. Socrates called the slave and asked some questions regarding geometry and the measurement of some shapes. Socrates tried to ask some questions that direct the slave to answer them rightfully. It is important to note the slave is uneducated in the classical sense. However, through Socrates’ questions, he managed to enable to direct the slave towards right answers. This had help to prove to Meno that the soul already possessed the knowledge and opinions about everything. For Plato, this knowledge can be accessed by examining ourselves and with yourself or someone asking the right questions that will redirect you to the knowledge and ideas inside your soul. Knowledge is defined in its justification, truth and being a belief. After discussing the nature of knowledge and how we can acquire it, Socrates and Meno moved on to discuss to define opinion and its relevance on the affairs of man. The task is simple, to define opinion (true opinion) and to contrast it to knowledge. Primarily, Socrates acknowledged the role of a good opinion in the human affairs. He did not disregard it completely but rather understand its use in some cases. In fact, he acknowledges the inclination of virtuous men to rely on their true opinion to do good things. However, Socrates clearly undermines opinion; even they are good when it is contrasted to knowledge. For Plato, an opinion does not last long and easily withers in contrast to knowledge that has the capability to last eternally. The main difference lies on the presence of a rationality and grounds on knowledge and its absence of an n opinion. He used the example of a statue. He stated that the statue with that is tied in a good foundation will be able to last longer compare to a statue that is not tied. For Socrates, though an opinion can produce the same awe to an observer, it is a natural tendency for humans to ask the question of why and how. These questions cannot be answered by an opinion because of its absence of ground. In this sense, knowledge exceeds an opinion. This definition of knowledge that is characterized by Plato which is defined as a justified true belief had dominated from the ancient Greeks up to the mid-late 20th century. The general belief that knowledge for it to be referred as knowledge must be able to satisfy three basic characteristics, which is (1) justification (2) truth (3) belief was questioned by Edmund Gettier’s paper entitled â€Å"Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? †. This short paper that had managed to provide a doubt to the long tradition in epistemology that considers knowledge to be a justified true belief. Edmund Gettier provided to two cases or examples will put in to question the long era of this ancient belief. He presented a case in which the three conditions are present namely justification, truth, belief yet unable to be count as knowledge because of the play of other factors. In Gettier’s examples which were referred as Gettier’s cases, the three criteria were only made possible by some elements of luck and chance which clearly invalidate it to be knowledge. This put an ‘end’ to a long tradition of considering knowledge by the virtue of three elements of justification, truth and belief. Though the paper of Gettier did not provide an alternative view or solution to his problem, responses on his paper can be summarized to the attempts of many philosophers to look or find out for the fourth criteria that will make the definition of knowledge. Works Cited Plato. Grube G. M. A. (trans) Cooper, John (rev) Five dialogues. 2002. Hacket Publishing Company Inc. IN. Print Gettier. Edmund. Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? Web.

Patent Nonuse and the Role of Public Interest as a Deterrent to Technology Suppression Essay

Patents are contracts between the society and the inventor to encourage development in the field of science and technology. It helps the society by enabling them to utilize this technology, and the inventor by protecting his rights and rewarding him appropriately for this intellectual efforts and innovations. Once a patent is given by the patent office, the inventor has to work the invention by himself or through somebody else by means of an assignment or a license. The patent office does not look at the potential commercial value of the invention whilst giving the patent. The invention should have a specific use and should fulfill what it is meant to do. Many inventions given patents have turned to be commercial failures. However, there are several instances in which neither the patentee has worked the invention by himself, nor has he allowed others interested to do so. This is a very serious situation, because it goes against the very intention of granting the patent. The patent system grants patents only to those inventors who are willing to reveal their invention with others, so that it can benefit society. Some patentees may not work their invention due to several reasons, one of which may be to wrongfully hide or suppress technology from the public. One of the first such cases was the Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co. case of 1908. In this case, the patentee had invented a machine that could make a folded paper bag with a rectangular bottom. However, he had not made his invention available to the public, thus preventing others from working the invention. At that time, this invention was a breakthrough, and many people felt bad, because the very intention of giving a patent was not fulfilled. No concrete rules regarding nonuse of patents and compulsory licenses were existent at that time, and everything was left at the mercy of the patent holder. Lower courts also found that the patentee was unreasonable. They in fact tried to draw a line between ‘reasonable nonuse policy’ (inventor unable to use his invention because or some understandable problems) and ‘unreasonable nonuse policy’ (purposefully suppressing technology). However, as no concrete rules existed at that time, the higher court had to give its decision in favor of the rightful owner of the invention. Many breakthrough technologies exist which are being currently suppressed from the public. A plastic that is strong, long-lasting, and can be utilized to make houses that last forever, was granted patents, but not accessible to the public by the owner. New rubber for tires is invented which does not blow up. If this technology could be utilized currently, the lives of many people who die in road accidents could be saved. A new material has been invented for use in toothpastes, which protects the teeth from developing cavities. These technologies are being suppressed due to the anticompetitive intentions of their owners. Some patentees may not use or license their technology so that others may be forced to infringe up on their patents. Lawsuits for infringements could be filed, which could give them earning in millions. An instance of this is a case between Minolta and Honeywell’s, in which Minolta had to pay $127 million to Honeywell for infringing their auto-focus camera patent, although the owners were not using their patent. The patent office should come up with strict rules such that all the patentees have to give an annual report of how their patent is being worked commercially, and in case it is not being worked, the reasons for the same. In case the inventor does not respond, the patent should be revoked. Instances of patent nonuse can be used as evidence in the court, against individuals who indulge in anticompetitive practices. Such practices are strictly considered unlawful under the US Antitrust Laws. The Sherman Act was one of the first such as to protect against unfair trade practices. According to this act, any individual monopolizing or attempting to monopolize, or combines with other people or with other nations to monopolize any trade business in the US, shall be held guilty of an offense under the act. Patent is a monopoly granted to the owner, but they are also contracts between the owner and the public, to permit the later to access the technology. Patent laws are likely to be misused. The exclusionary right (to prevent others from using or making the invention without the license of the owner) is limited and should be more meaningful. The patent system does not give absolute monopoly to the owners. In the case Pfizer V. Government of India [434 US 308 (1978)], the US permitted foreign nations to sue under the Section 4 of the Clayton Act. The Government of India was asking Pfizer to grant licenses for certain broad spectrum antibiotics. However, the company refused to give reasonable licenses. Several antitrust violations such as price-fixing, fraud, market-division, etc were being imposed by the Indian Government against Pfizer and group. The respondents also said that petitioners were trying to limit and monopolize the production, sale and distribution of their patents. The respondents also said that these practices had destroyed businesses. The Company said that the Indian Government could not bring this case forward, as they belonged to another nation. However, the court went on to say that foreign nations could also claim under antitrust laws. The court said that the case was similar to having a citizen having his rights under the antitrust laws being violated. In the case Remington Products V. North American Philips corporation [107 FRD 642, 1985], Remington alleged that the company Philips, a leading Dutch MNC, was indulging in anticompetitive behavior by not disclosing information needed to work the discovery. The defendant claimed that certain clauses in a Dutch statue did not permit disclosure. However, the US court granted the case in favor of Remington saying that the defendant wrongfully withheld information regarding the discovery. The plaintiff had previously approached the defendant to provide information regarding the discovery. However, the defendant refused to give this information needed saying that the information was irrelevant. In the Chevron Research Company’s patent [1970; RPC, 580], the court said that the patentee has to disclose full and relevant information regarding the patent. In the Image Technical Services V. Eastman Kodak Co. [504 U. S. 51 (1992)] provides an association between the antitrust laws and the intellectual property rights regime. Kodak Company had a patent for a photographic device. The case was alleged by companies that serviced Kodak’s products. In this case, a distinction is being made between ‘attempting monopolization’ and ‘attaining monopolizing by exploiting’. The court had to study the market situation to determine if the company was trying to control prices or destroy competition. Kodak in fact monopolized manufacture of components of its photographic equipment and even monopolized servicing of its equipment. The court had said that both patents and copyrights did not come under antitrust laws. An inventor had the right to license or refuse license of his invention. However, a patent owner may be held for developing practices against the antitrust laws (that could destroy competition). The extent to which antitrust laws could be applied to patent laws had to be determined by studying the market situation. The plaintiffs had gathered enough proof that Kodak were trying to monopolize their market situation by limiting the availability of its components to the service companies Nowadays, exclusive license holders may also try to misuse their rights by monopolizing their licensed to make or use the patent. This can be demonstrated in the Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Inc. v. Michelson case. Dr. Michelson had invented a new spinal treatment device and had given a license to Medtronic which manufactured medical equipment. However, the company did not promote his treatment device, and hence the doctor had to grant licenses to other companies that would compete with the original license holder. The company filed a case in the court claiming that the patent holder breached clauses of the contract. However, the Court felt that the company had adopted certain anticompetitive principles that did not promote the patent. Patent holders are trying to maximize their monopoly, by indulging in anticompetitive acts. Often there is a clash between patent laws and antitrust laws. Patent laws provide the holder with rights to eliminate competition, whereas antitrust laws enable protection of healthy business competition practices. A clear border line has to be drawn between these two conflicting legal regimes. In the case Illinois Tools Works V. Independent Ink, the question of the manufacturer having a market power over a patented product or process could be presumed whilst granting the patent, was being asked. A patent holder may hold so much of powers in the market such that he/she may dominate the scene. A patent holder will usually violate antirust laws if he or she feels that they are in a situation to dominate the market. In this case, Illinois printers invented a printing device and had prohibited the customers from using non-patented ink. The defendant felt that such terms were against the true spirits of competition, and were under the impression that Illinois tool works were trying to dominate the market situation. It may be difficult in such a case to determine the party that would carry the burden of proof. The patent holder had tried to extend his patent. In this manner, they had created both, primary and secondary market rivals. The primary rivals included other manufacturers of printers, and the secondary rivals included other manufacturers of printer inks. The court gave its decision in favor of Independent Ink, citing that patents could not be extended to non-patentable areas. A patent had only specific boundaries, and crossing such boundaries constituted infringement. In another case, Schering-Plough held a patent for a drug. A company that manufactured a generic version of the same drug felt that the original company’s patent was invalid. They wanted to file for a patent opposition, but Schering-Plough decided to pay the generic drug manufacturers to withdraw the case and also stay out of the market for some period. Federal Trade Commission filed a case before the Supreme Court, saying that Schering-Plough was trying to destroy all competition in the market by wrongfully preserving its invalid monopoly. The Court felt that the agreement between Schering-Plough and the generic manufacturers was invalid and was executed to destroy competition in the market. Patent laws should make it easier to obtain a compulsory license in case the patentee wrongfully suppresses the invetion from the public. A compulsory license should be given to anybody in case:- The patentee is unable to meet the reasonable requirements of the public with relation to his patented process or product. †¢ The patentee does not make the invention available to the public at an affordable cost. †¢ The invention is not being worked in the jurisdiction of the patent office. †¢ Special considerations should be given to inventions that relate to public health and nutrition, and emergency situations. Compulsory license should be a sanction (for the patentee) and a remedy (for the public); in case the patentee indulges in anticompetitive practices. The concept of compulsory licenses developed following the African AIDS crisis situation. The continent was in a crisis situation with the HIV/AIDS pandemic. A few companies such as Glaxo, Merck, etc held a patent for an antiretroviral drug which could be life-saving for people suffering from HIV/AIDS. However, these companies had indulged in several anticompetitive practices. The cost of treating each AIDS patients in Africa was exceedingly high (US$ 10,000 per patient per year). Hence, the drugs were inaccessible for many poor patients who belonged to underdeveloped nations. Cipla, an Indian pharmaceutical company volunteered to supply the drug at a fraction of the overall costs the other companies were offering (US $ 350 per year per patient). Some of the African Nations had to modify its trade laws so that parallel imports and compulsory licenses could exist. However, the original companies that held the patents for antiviral drugs began to sue for infringement. These companies had to later withdraw their infringement cases, as there was a worldwide agitation against the anti-public health policies adopted by the patent holders. Later, at the WTO conference in Doha, a comprehensive agreement to protect public health issues was adopted to prevent unhealthy practices by the patent holders (through compulsory licenses). Some people feel that the patent system can create an obstruction in the development of science and technology, as instances of nonuse often arise. Once a patent is granted, it may even prevent others from inventing around a particular invention or inventive concept. This will seriously hinder the developments in that particular field. Inventors, who tend to sit on their inventions by refusing access to the public, should be henceforth refused patents.

Implications for Marketers

Implications for Marketers Marketing strategies (Marketing mix elements – price, product, distribution, and promotions) has to reflect the brand and its image appropriately. Marketers should constantly be up to date with the changes in consumer’s demographic, lifestyles, and trends in order to develop marketing programs that appeals to them, so that they are able to be more adaptive to the marketing programs to the brand to achieve brand awareness. Marketers should always develop marketing programs that fits the image of the brand in order to achieve consumers association with the brand. Fast and effective strategies need to be implemented whenever there are negative news and views regarding the brand before it spreads further and tarnishes the brand’s and corporate image. Marketers need to avoid manipulation of the benefits of the product in order to avoid any boycotts, protest and suing by health organisations and various parties, which will generate negative publicity that will tarnish the brand and company. Advertising message and strategies has to reflect the brand’s image in order for consumer to associate better with the brand. The candidate (celebrity) selected as the brand’s ambassador must reflect the image of the brand and connects well with brand in order for consumers to associate well with the product, hence achieving brand association. Marketer s has to ensure that congruence (resemblance) of brand association exists to ensure that consumers (with little knowledge regarding the brand) do not get confused with the meaning of the brand. Furthermore, it is to ensure that brand associations do not get easily changed by competitive actions. Lastly, to ensure that consumers will not overlook or discount some potentially relevant brand associations in making brand decisions. Marketers must ensure the marketing programs are executed in a right manner in order to build long term brand knowledge and to ensure the success of its marketing strategies in the long run, which will then generate repeat business, triggering customer loyalty and sales. 0. Store layout and location has to reflect the brand’s target market in order to enhance brand association. 11. Marketing strategies should be executed extensively in order to ensure consumers are constantly being exposed to the brand to increase brand awareness. 12. Appropriate leveraging strategies should be implemented in order to enhance the brand extension, which then creates a positive brand image. 13. Marketers have to ensure that the right licensors is selected in its licensing strategy. The licensor selected is able to carry the brand without altering the significance of the brand and its image to ensure consistency in the brand’s image so that it does not confuse consumers. 14. Marketers must ensure they are constantly exceeding and satisfying consumers expectations in developing its marketing programs (marketing mix elements) in order to gain favourability and positive reviews from consumers regarding the brand, gaining a sustainable competitive advantage. 5. Marketers must ensure they are constantly exceeding and satisfying consumers’ expectations in order to gain a favourable brand and corporate image. 16. To foster profitable customer relationships. 17. Foster relationship marketing with various firms to get further in the market place and in order to form more strategic alliance with other strong powerful firms out there in order to gain competitive advantage over competitors.

Retailing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Retailing - Assignment Example Dynamic economic conditions have compelled the leading retailers to re-evaluate the strategies related to the marketing channels. The varied altering trends in grocery retailing have created various opportunities for the suppliers and the manufacturers. With reference to the competitive market scenario, the retailers have enforced certain strategies and advanced plans as regards to the consumers’ behaviour (Memedovic, 2010). Company Information Tesco is considered to be the one of the biggest retailers in the global perspective. In the year 1997, it had established itself as the one of the prominent and trusted names in the field of grocery retail. Tesco represents the largest online grocery business; it targets its customers on the basis of purchase behaviour. The opportunities provided by Tesco within the websites facilitate to meet the requirement of its target consumers comprising the younger audience as well as the wealthy family audience (Datamonitor, 2004). J Sainsbury plc represents the parent as well as the host company of Sainsbury’s Supermarkets Ltd. It represents the third largest supermarket chain within the United Kingdom. It has implemented and executed certain strategies along with plans that ensure the sustainability within the competitive market scenario. Sainsbury’s vision is to be a trusted retailer (Irish Food Board, 2011). In accordance with the retailing business, the objective of the study is to compare and contrast between Tesco and Sainsbury with respect to their performance in various areas. The respective areas include store format, store design, advertising and promotions, customer segmentation and multi-channel platform. In this study, Mehrabian and Russell's approach-avoidance model will be applied. This model represents the effects of the store environment upon the consumer behaviour. In accordance with Mehrabian and Russell's approach-avoidance model, it has been further revealed that it lays emphasis upon n onverbal responses related to environmental factors that act as a major determinant of change in behaviour. Comparison and Contrast of Tesco and Sainsbury’s Performance Store Format The store format of an organisation has profound impact on the purchasing decisions. In several instances, store atmosphere, interior design and overall store environment determine the reaction of customers with respect to product purchase and consumption. The store environment comprises certain indications, messages and propositions to the customers. It can enhance the positive feeling and direct the anticipated consumer behaviour such as high inclination to purchase or longer time to stay in retail store (Gilboa & Rafaeli, 2002). Store atmosphere is a vital component of image of an organisation. For several retailers, aspects such as store layout, colour, lighting and music among others help to influence the buying behaviour of customers. They determine the selection of customers about the store to patronise. However, since the

Make a titile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Make a titile - Essay Example Almost all the cases are with the consent of the parents and the prescription of qualified personnel. Most cases of over-medicating kids arise due to cases of bipolar disorders and depression. More than a million kids in the USA are on antipsychotic medication. People argue that the medication help the kids in lifting their bad moods and stabilizing depressive moments for the kid. The growth of drug use can be attributed to the availability of such medicines and the increased research that support the trend on efficacy grounds. Most schools have signs warning against drug use. However, their school sanatoriums are full of antidepressants for their students. The pressure that is applied on the kids by the schools and parents themselves does not help the situation in any way. Most kids are not able to cope up with the stress and the overall effect of this is on their social lives. In a bid to help them â€Å"fit in†, they are referred to psychiatrists who prescribe more and more dugs for them. The situation then becomes a cycle; new drugs for the same old problem. Also another side effect is the kids’ body does not absorb the drugs as the adult body would do and this can have a negative effect on the kids body. To further emphasize on the issue of over-medication, parents have greatly relied on medicines to tackle behavioral and psyche issues where simple activities would do, simple bruises and inflammation are treated with anti-inflammations medicines such as ibuprofen, signs of discomfort in children are highly not tolerated by parents and they resort to self- prescribing over the counter analgesics such as aspirin and Paracetamol (in fact almost every home has these medicines ready on the cupboard for emergency) even when research has clearly shown that their liver are not fully developed to metabolize the drug. Skin conditions, such as heat rashes, ringworms and mild cases of psoriasis which are a common phenomenon

The importance of exercise for a healthy life style Research Paper

The importance of exercise for a healthy life style - Research Paper Example Previous reports by the Surgeon General were delivered on topics such as the adverse health consequences of smoking, nutrition, violence, and HIV/AIDS. These reports heightened the public's awareness of these important health issues and led the way for major public health initiatives (Miller 1). Dr. Manley described the 1996 Surgeon General's first Report on Physical Activity and Health as more than just a summary of the science but also as a national call to action. Physical activity now joined sound nutrition, seat belt use, and the negative health effects of tobacco use as essential health objectives for the nation. Dr. Manley ascertained that due to the direct relationship between physical activity and disease prevention and premature death, Americans must get serious about their commitment to healthy physical activity (Miller 1). Sedentary lifestyle or inactivity is a major contributor to obesity and being overweight as well as to numerous other diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and certain cancers. There is a growing body of literature indicating that regular physical exercise may prove beneficial in lessening the consequences or preventing the onset of a wide range of disease and chronic conditions (Jonker 38- 43; Pinto 247). Exercise and Physical Health According to the Surgeon General, due to lifestyle and dietary changes, obesity and overweight have reached epidemic proportions in United States. While there are numerous reasons for the overweight and obesity epidemic, it is undisputed that nutritional habits as well as physical inactivity are major contributors to the problem. Blair and Brodney (1999) reported that epidemiological studies consistently showed that active persons were protected against the health risks of being overweight or obese and actually had lesser mortality and morbidity. Regular physical activity resulted in positive metabolic changes that appeared to provide part of the protection against disease. S ince these positive metabolic changes were found to occur independently of body composition changes, the authors suggested the promotion of physical activity without an emphasis on weight changes, thus avoiding the frustration many obese individuals feel toward exercise since their efforts often do not lead to changes in weight or body composition. Brodney et al. (459- 467) examined the nutritional habits of men and women across three fitness categories (high, moderate, and low) and compared their nutritional intake to the national dietary recommendations. Results showed that both women and men with increased fitness levels consume diets with a significantly lower percent of calories derived from fat and saturated fat, had significantly higher dietary fiber intake and significantly lower cholesterol intake than did those less fit individuals. The more fit individuals consumed diets that more closely aligned with the national dietary recommendations. The Surgeon General (USDHHS, 1996 ) reported that people who are more active were also less likely to be obese, since exercise does not always result in increased appetite. This may be due in part to increased energy expenditures without the increase in appetite. However, in general, studies have shown that from exercise alone people do not lose significant amounts of weight but rather lose more weight through a mixture of exercise and diet. Contrary to these studies, which indicated that a combination of diet and exercise were the best