Reflective learning journal

Reflective larn journalReflective learning journalIt is while to write the Reflective learning Journal at the end of this semester to conclude what we rescue learned from the political economy and Finance Engagement range. Through reading outline, I realized that there was a great difference of opinion with separate courses. First, almost all courses fill mid-term exam and final exam however, there are no any examinations in this course. Second, course arrangement is two hours in lecture and one hour in tutorial in former(a) courses, while there is half an hour meeting with clients project snitch in this course and two hours in group discussion. At the beginning of this course I felt up that it would be simpler compared with other courses. In fact, I was wrong. I read to spend much cartridge holder on this subject. Each week our group has group meeting in Cabramatta library, discussion always continue on two hours or the whole after(prenominal)noon. After discussion, eac h member needs to spend long time on researching materials in internet and evaluating them. Although the process is hard, the result is wonderful. After the efforts of our teammates, our group has accomplished tenders and final reports on time. The communication skills, learning styles, information literacy, and data analysis has greatly improved through three months perusing it pass on be helpful for my postgraduate study and future works.In the tender documents I deport mentioned that there are three units applicable to the project which is Investment, Project Management, and Statistics. Investment is pertinent in regards to milepost s hitherto which documents the retail and commercial opportunities Fairfield has in attracting office space leavers from Parramatta and Liverpool. Project Management is highly relevant to this project as time planning, material organizing, data analyzing, time controlling is all very of the essence(p) in ensuring the project successful and achie ving all its objectives and milestones. Statistics is quite helpful as the project will need charts and tables to compare data and statistics and hence guess them. When our group has completed all the tasks, I found that Project Management plays the greatest role with the other two units. Investment theory is applied to the milestone s flat. It is secure recommends investors how to catch the opportunity in disadvantage situation. I mean that Fairfield has lowest price, lowest quality and hardest to go away transportation compared to Parramatta and Liverpool, why investors choose Fairfield rather than Parramatta or Liverpool? It is necessary to use investment theory to evaluate them. We have draw lots of charts and tables in the final reports to compare data, but the data analysis and valuation are reflected from the Project Management. It can be said that project management in the tenders and final reports compete a leading role in this project. Project Management tell us how t o collect ample information in limited time, how to filter the most significant points from interwoven information. Although these three units play an all important(predicate) role in tenders and final reports, other economic and finance content is still need to add. For example, macroeconomic and Market warning get it onledge is widely used in final reports. Macroeconomics is a course that unite with the reality of the economic situation and development trend of the world. Our group found that there are a lot of retail rental advertisements in Parramatta, Liverpool, and Fairfield. The historic data show that the number of retail rental advertisements increasing in recent months. Whats more, the rent is cheaper than onward. This fact is meeting to world economic situation. All we know that the world economics suit to the hugest downturn in 21 century, during the financial crisis, many banks and large companies have declared bankruptcy. In Australia the feign of financial cr isis is also considerable. The unemployment rate goes up nearly twice. Many pocketable business investors are forced to give up their own business. It is quite customary that there are a lot of vacant retail stores in real estate agent website. Market Model is extremely relevant to the project in particular the final objective where the concepts and strategies obtained in Marketing Principles will need to be implemented to evaluate the opportunities that Fairfield LGA has in attracting potential office space leavers from Liverpool and Parramatta as come up as introducing specific techniques to ensure this occurs. Macroeconomic have been learned in my sophomore, but Market dogma have non learned now. In addition to, I think library is a dependable place for researching, discussion, studying. I can find any book I want to it. Except for the theories of economics, other learning skills and language abilities is especially needed for foreign disciple. Overseas scholars have to f ace language and ethnic differences problem, for example, when I low meeting to the word tender, I confused it. I can not understand what the Chinese meaning of this word. My teammates explain the meaning of this word clearly for me. Overall, I still deprivation of sufficient knowledge to finish this course perfectly, it is force me to study harder and master more knowledge.Even if I have learned sufficient economic and finance knowledge, the emotion changes still have enormous impact on my learning. Particular to an overseas student who just arrived in Australia six months, it is very important for me to modify psychological change. When I first meet this course I have a great spare-time activity in this project, each member of our group have enough enthusiasm to complete our own milestone. It is normal that disgusted with the project occasionally, because I must do lots of job in one solar day that included another subject assignment. This situation raises the pressure, an d these pressures may come from learning, life and finance. For example, I accepted the vitamin E education nearly 15 years, so it is difficult for us to truly integrate into Hesperian societies. What more, before I came to Australia, my parent give me lots of help when I needed. Without parents support, I am afraid to face some problem. On the other hand, I have to face language and cultural differences. I must thank our teachers spend long time on our foreign students and countenance particularly concerns sometimes. I have improved myself a lot after I arrived in Australia. I was a shy, introverted student, and even performed unconfident sometimes. I would not like discussing with other group members at first. However, through four month communication, I have slowly started to change myself. I would like to talk with my teammates when I confused some problems and other life problems. So I really want to calculate our group members, thanks for their serious, hard-working, humor ous, and enthusiastic military strength to me. On one occasion, I should be completed my task that belong to my part, unfortunately, I must run short house that day. I was so busy that I cleaned my home until 12 pm, it is really felt tried. When I intend to start my task, team leader send the SMS to me told me that I must be very drop for moving house, they have finished my part. I am really very grateful for their help. Both learning styles and education styles have contrasting way in China and Australia. Although this is my first time go through the Western education, I already known that there are huge differences between Eastern educations with Western educations. Firstly, the different way was from the article of belief methods. When I see our teacher Ingrid sitting at the table directly during the first class. It is amazing for me, because it looks like impolite for students in china. In fact, I find that the teachers purpose is wants to communicate with students more cl osely. However, this teaching method is impossible happened in China. In China every classroom has the podium and a blackboard in high school or university. The teacher is used to stand on the podium during the class. Secondly, from the student point of view, the distinction is even more apparent. If students meet problem in the class, we are unbidden to raise our hands to answer questions after the teachers permission or directly ask the teacher after the class finished. It is impolite for student to interrupt teacher lecture. Student need to keep silent in class in order to not disrupt teachers thinking. In Australia, I find every student is concentrated and activity in the class. Students can ask any questions without teachers permission in the class. For example, if any student feels their thoughts or ideas not the same as teachers idea, student will be asked it directly. However, It is a pity that teacher have to force student to answer questions in China, whats more, no one wants to give the answer even someone know the solution. Thirdly, there are few group discussions or group meeting in senior school or university in China. Even there is one group discussion in one semester which is a choice to chat with another topic that no relation with teachers topic. Whats more, most of students do not cherish these opportunities. All assignment completed independent by the most excellent students in the group without any assistance. In fact, group meeting is important and useful in research or business. It is a sincere way to improve our team spirit. Reading and reference and that Chinese girl provide a lot of help. I have acknowledged some of the theories that I did not know. For example, from the Goldsteins article utility Learning and Teaching about Globalization, I learned that advantage and Activist learning(SAL)is a way that crumble kind problem by corporate with community, many students were attracted who hope the world be better in the future. Oth er opinion is that Globalization is not just the region different from north to south, and that combined with winners and losers in both economic worlds. In another article Increasing Creativity in Economics The Service Learning Project by Hervani and Helms. In the figure 2 Service learning pedagogy step and implementation procedure, it looks like our course procedure. I also understand that the profit of this project is a good chance for developing the critical thinking skills such as analysis, synthesis and evaluation. Our research topic relevant to social, I realized that there are lots of social problem still waiting for us to deal with them after research. The key values of service learning project are to improve the social awareness and caring, responsibility, accountability, critical thinking, creativity and active learning. That Chinese girl provides us lots of useful information, teaching us how to do the tender document, which part we should be attention to.In conclusion, I want to appreciate again our teachers Ingrid and Julianne, our teammates Brian, Ian, Linh, Kim and other people who always help me. Overseas students really have different experience with local students. From China to Australia is a very hard experience. First of all, we need to get great results in domestic examination. Followed by we spend long time to prepare for Ielts test, whats more, no one can stop up your Ielts test result will be able to achieve what you wanted result, some students test 2 times, even more than 4 times 5 times. Visa through Australia government is also complex issues that we need to provide detailed information and sufficient finance source. Duration for Visa always sustain on one month. It can be said that overseas students harder than domestic students. So I cherished the opportunity to learn as much as possible I can.

Community Social Work In Modern Society Social Work Essay

alliance Social Work In Modern indian lodge Social Work EssayThis study is an overview of current government proposals for the Big Society at bottom club complaisant compute. In July 2010, Prime Minister David Cameron launched a project called the Big Society. It is considered by Mr Cameron that communities deserve to be em military convocationed to have more of a say in what happens in their local atomic number 18a. The belief is that by doing this, many of the local overhauls provided by the government spate be taken over and miss by voxnership and voluntary groups, with Mr Cameron describing the project as a big advance for people power (www.bbc.co.uk/news, accessed 30/10/2010).The theory base of union social move from a historical and modernistic perspective give be presented and evaluated.The study will provide a literature review of association projects in both(prenominal) neighbouring UK countries and Inner City London examining their effectiveness in crea ting community empowerment to enable the possible resolution of social depravation. Particular attention will be paid to the differences that each geographic location possesses in terms of economy, culture and class diversity when considering each project and how this relates to its success. A utmost of four projects will be chosen to compare and evaluate and the study will conclude with lessons learnt for afterlife social determine in community work practice with the inclusion of messages from the Social Work remediate Board.The Big Society DebateHowever, Camerons nonion of the Big Society has come under much criticism. The Guardians Jonathan Freedland has compose a stinging attack on Mr Camerons proposals and his article postedWhat is society Social Work?The brain behind community social work is the belief that peoples problems can be countered by liaising with the people at heart their social network. This may include friends and relatives, and neighbours. Social doe rs need to seek and reinforce such support networks for attend commitrs and aim to facilitate their growth where it has become apparent that such has lapsed. The work should be seen as both a protective and preventative schema and is now considered to be the Par excellence of intervention strategy for promoting social inclusion. (Walker and Beckett, 2005, pg93).Therefore, community social work is effectively a method of promoting the social inclusion of individuals and their families by empowering them to seek and create the interventions they require. Walker and Beckett (2005) inform that social work is at the cutting edge of individuals, families or communities attempts to manage life challenges that have been influenced by both economic and social policy, welfare systems and the way they are made up internally. However, there are differing views on the concept of empowering people and using socially inclusive methods within social work.The first view is that the empowerment of service users may be considered to be axiomatic if the doer sees the problems people are facing as products of the an unfair economic system that, Disenfranchises the weak, vulnerable, disabled or poor from equal participation and access to the resources produced by society. (Walker and Beckett, 2005, pg93). The aim of social work here would be to attempt to get service users involved and try to empower them to find a way of accessing the go that are available to them. Payne (1995) suggests of this issue that although public policy statements do aim to prove the value of community participation and user empowerment, community work may indeed, Draw attention to inequalities in service proviso and in power which lie behind severe deprivation and therefore also become part of the struggles between people in powerless positions against the powerful. (Payne, 1995, pg165-166).The second view on the empowerment of service users is that it can give them (service users) an increased expe ctation of what can be available to them. It is believed that in this case, social workers may infer that the correct thing to do would be to reduce the expectations of service users, forcing them to accept the situations they find themselves in and that they may become socially excluded just because that is the way it is. If this does become the case, social workers may fail to assist in the delivery of run that are available to service users, instead just seeking to dish out service users to manage with what they believe is available to them.Perhaps the best way to consider empowerment for service users is to use Trevithicks (2000) model of when practising social work you are either (a) doing things to service users, (b) doing things for social workers, or (c) doing things with service users. fraternity social work first came into being following critiques of community work after identifying that such was considered to be a completely different activity to that of social work. These critiques found that community workers and outreach workers were becoming marginalised from their colleagues within meet social work agencies. In order to prevent this from happening further, there was what was deemed a positive style to embrace some of the principles and practices of community work within social work. Coulshed and Orme (1998) inform us that although independent community action has continued throughout history by being supported by dedicated community workers, policy developments that incorporated both the language of community and the work involved began to inform the actions of statutory social work as of the late 1970s. Despite this being the case, it is thought that such movements towards community care initiatives were not what social workers had necessarily thought to be correct.The above moves were initiated via the Seebohm cogitation (1968). An article by Eileen Munro say of the actions brought about by the report, The division between (varying) so cial work was seen as the problem, so social services departments were created to offer a joined-up service. (www.guardian.co.uk/society, accessed 9/10/2010). These actions included the creation of social services departments that would have smaller administrative units with area teams serving their own geographical localities. It was believed that such would improve access to service cookery for those placed within each locality and a wider sense of identification with the local area for social workers. Decisions could be made dependent on the person and their local need as oppose to the generic, centralize decisions that took place previously.Seebohms report also stated that each area-based organisation should change the relationship that social workers held within the relative catchment areas that the workers were operating. The report said of this that the departments should, Encourage, support and promote voluntary effort and engage in assisting and encourage the developme nt of community identity. (Seebohm, 1968, paragraph 477). Despite this change in the arrangements for which social services were delivered, Seebohms report did not properly address what it was community workers, or indeed social workers works with communities were actually supposed to be doing. Although the Seebohm report had considered the basic notions of community social working, the terms and principles of such were not defined fully until this was make by the Barclay Committee and published in a report in 1982. This definition was as followsCommunity social work is, Formal social work which, starting from the problems affecting an individual or group and the responsibilities and resources of social services departments and voluntary organisations, seeks to tap into, support, enable and underpin the local networks of formal and informal relationships which ground our basic definition of community, and also the strength of a clients communities of interest. (Barclay, 1982, p xv ii).The emphasis on the role of the community within society continued following the Barclay Committees report and re-emerged towards the end of the 1980s. In more recent times, the Griffiths Report of 1998 looked at care in the community and was based around an aim of closer partnerships between statutory services and local communities as part of a larger welfare spectrum. The National Health answer and Community Care Act 1990 too pushed towards an emphasis on community work although Adams et al (1998) questions whether the theory was actually put into practice. Adams et al also speculate as to the difficulty that community social work continues to face as a result of continuing changes to social policy.In modern social work, it is considered by Beckett (2006) that it is beneficial to work with groups or families as opposed to working with individuals. Therefore it seems sensible that such an orgasm would naturally in some respects at least lead towards working within communiti es. Community social work is generally considered to be a similar activity to that of group work. This is because community work interventions usually involve the worker attempting to encourage the development of groups. However, community work is aimed more along the lines of self-help or social action in consideration of the group work spectrum. Community social work does not allow for the worker to do things for people, be that for individuals or indeed groups, but wishes to promote The development of set up activity by the community itself (Beckett, 2006, pg94) through either the self-creation of resources to meet its needs or even by joining forces to campaign against the authorities for not providing the necessary facilities. Henderson (2000, pg72) says of such an approach that At the core of the methods and skills is the estimation of organising helping people to come together to form an autonomous group.The above shows that in this context, the community worker is consider ed to be something of an enabler preferably than the fixer within community projects. Despite this, it is also believed that community workers although being sedulous by the state and therefore still considered as an outsider within the community with which they are working take on a degree of benevolent paternalism as opposed to developing the necessary corporal community action. Popple (1994, pg24) says of this, Historically community work has developed from two distinct roots benevolent paternalism and collective community action.With the above in mind it is important to remember that the term community is still rather vague. It is borne from the notion that a complete neighbourhood can function as its own entity as opposed to acknowledging that neighbourhoods consist of many differing communities. Individual interest, ethnic communities, geography, familial extensions and workplaces all form part of communities, yet will often extend far beyond the neighbourhood in which t hey are formed.Community social work is according to Smale et al About the processes the workers engage in, the relationships they make and how they maintain and change them. adding These processes generate the specific aims and objectives of the workers and those they sell the work with. (1988, pg23). The most important things that must be recognised by any community worker is the type of community that they are working with or indeed the type of community that they are assisting to help build.Evaluating Community ProjectsThe Study So FarConclusion

Influences of Culture on Accounting Standards

Influences of Culture on chronicle StandardsThe concussion of finishing on the social institutions like explanation basisnot be underestimated. Before the increase in immigration and cross-border businesses, agri grow has been in the domain of anthropology and archaeology. This work considers whether polish assume unified global explanation practices and whether an checking of cultural role in account can help to understand supra field of study method of method of explanation standards. These fit(p) up will be made evidence development the Anglo-American and Euro-Continental account models (Canada and France) as case study. Although there argon other factors (historical, economic, and institutional, legal arranging, the tax laws etc) that can affect explanation harmonisation, goal is a major obstacle.SOME DEFINITIONS OF coatingThere is no commonly recognized definition of farming. regal (1983a) sees culture as a system that encompasses and determines the evo lution of social institutions and social phenomena. Perera (1989) regarded culture as an expression of norms, determine and customs that reflect typical behavioural characteristics within a defined social grouping. Kuper 1999, (cited in Baskerville, p.2) simply defines it as a matter of ideas and set, a collective cast of mind.Hofstede 1997 defined culture as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another.He sees cultural differences at four unlike levels symbols, heroes, rituals, and values.From the definitions, it shows that culture is sh atomic number 18d among individualists belonging to a group or society, formed all over a relatively long period and relatively stable.In explanation context Askary, Saeed (p.2) defined culture as those environmental factors that so applyly impact national business relationship systems a likely causal factor of different national story practices in accord with diffe ring national cultures.CULTURAL STUDIESIt is a near impossibility to discuss culture without mentioning Hofstede. He conducted the most panoptic study of how workplace values are influenced by culture from 1967 to 1973, art object working at IBM as a psychologist. He analyzed selective knowledge from over 100,000 individuals from 40 countries. In 1980 he identified four evident contrasting sets of dimensions of culture which has enjoyed considerable attention. They are (1) Power distance, showing throwaway of interpersonal power mingled with people, (2) Individualism versus collectivism showing prize of personal autonomy amid individuals and collectives, (3) uncertainty avoidance showing concern level of society members towards the future and (4) Masculinity-allocation of roles between sexes. In 2007, he added a fifth dimension that is not too relevant for our study which is long-term Orientation LTO which is associated with perseverance. His study was seen as a catalyst in internationalist story seek which later accounting researchers like ancient 1988, Perera 1989, Wuthnow 1994 follow into accounting context. According to Sudarwan and Fogarty (1996, p.2), his work has been cited in 583studies from 1981-1992 and this justifies its use in accounting research.Gray (1988) developed significant accounting hypotheses using cultural values as developed by Hofstede to establish relationship to accounting values. He addressed cultural influence on accounting of different countries from the evident societal values perspective. He identified the possibility of significantly relating accounting values, at the level of the accounting subculture, to societal values, by giving the interest accounting values for consideration(1) Professionalism meaning preference on individual professional judgment and self polity as opposed to normative legal requirements and statutory control. It linked Hofstedes high individualism, weak uncertainty avoidance, masculin ity, given the concept of assertiveness, and small power distance.(2) Uniformity He shows preference for coherent accounting practices between companies as against flexibility of unique circumstance of a company. It reflects societies with high uncertainty-avoidance and large power-distance indexes of Hofstede.(3) Conservatism here(predicate) there is preference for reprove to measurement, as it helps one to cope with future uncertainty. It contrasts with a more optimistic, try taking approach. This links high uncertainty-avoidance, individualism, and masculinity dimensions by Hofstede.(4) Secrecy Here information is shared amongst the close managers and financiers as against more open, transparent, publicly responsible approach. This is associated with societies that flip strong uncertainty-avoidance and power-distance dimensions.Chua 1988 (cited in Askary p.5) like Gray said that determine and beliefs play a fundamental role in the constitution of accounting knowledge.ther efore, culture and accounting are inextricably linked.Perera 1989 (cited by Askary p.6) sees dickens associated ways of analyzing the cultural influences on accounting practices determining a set of specific societal values/cultural factors likely to be promptly linked with accounting practice and verification of any association between societal values and specific accounting practices. To him accounting practices/systems of different countries are influenced by their cultural values that, in turn, shape their accounting practices. pertinency of Hofstedes framework has been questioned in accounting context. Critics see his cultural dimension in accounting research as causing misleading dependence on cultural indices. Gernon and Wallace 1995 (cited in Ding Y., Jeanjean T., Stolowy H.p.9) described his cultural studies in international accounting research as trapped by a look-alike myopia by its reliance on the framework suggested by Hofstede partly because his survey was of one organization therefore do not leave reliable information on the cultural values of an entire nation. Baskerville 2003(cited in Ding Y., Jeanjean T., Stolowy H.p.9) in like manner criticizes him for equating culture with nation. From the Encyclopedia of World Cultures OLeary Levinson, 1991 (cited in Baskerville 2002) identified that in the Middle East the Human Relations compass Files identify 35 different cultures in 14 nations.Grays indices are too criticized. Willett et al. 1997 (cited in Chanchani Willett, 2004)while criticizing Gray identifies culture as most clearly touching those parts of the accounting environment that are essentially social and overly stated that culture influences disclosure practices more than measurement practices.Despite these criticisms, the models shake up some uses. According to Ding et al. (2005), Hofstedes model, though strongly criticized, is quiesce wide used because of its extensive international coverage, and robust results have been g enerated. His result is still used to explain national diversities in accounting though the research sample was designed and selected to avoid diversity. Chanchani Willett (2004) noted that Grays guess continues to be referred to in on-going research, and a number of recent studies have related accounting popular opinion on various matters to cultural influences.Hofstede/Grays analysis have attempted to understand the differences in national accounting standards from cultural background view-point, and has been useful in establishing a link between accounting and cultures. Analyses here further reinforce the argument that culture plays a major role in organisation a countrys accounting standards.CULTURAL INFLUENCE AND ACCOUNTING HARMONIZATION pagan influence in accounting environments has been a subject in accounting research and has been examined by umpteen scholars (Violet (1983), Belkaoui (1990, 1996 1997), and Doupnik and Salter (1995) Harrison and Mckinnon (1986), Belkao ui and Culture and international accounting systems by Gray (1988), Perera (1989)and Fechner and Kilgore (1994) (all cited by Askary pp.2-3). They mostly established a native facie case that culture influences accounting practices.Accordingly, Perera 1989 (cited by Askary p.2) sees each accounting system as a product of its specific environment. Mueller, Gernon and Meek 1994 (cited by Askary p.2) also noted, Accounting is shape by the environment in which it operates. Even in reporting practice, Radebaugh and Gray (1997) through a comparative study cerebrate that each country reporting practice is influenced by culture contempt existence of standard.Jaggi 1975 (cited by Askary p.3) appreciated that the cultural environment was an independent shifting that could influence financial disclosure practices in response to value orientations. Violet 1983a (cited by Askary p.3) perceived accounting as a product . . . of its culture. bid and Abdel-Karim 1986 (cited by Askary p.3) reason ed that. . . accounting theory is part of the personality and accordingly part of the culture. If theindividuals are Muslims, their personalities are Islamic and their culture is Islamic.Therefore, their accounting theory is Islamic.From the foregoing, one can conveniently say that accounting theory and practices is a product of individuals who are influenced by their beliefs.Some cultural factors that influence accounting include language, religion, morals, values, attitudes, law, education, politics, social organization and technology. The question now is how do culture influence accounting? One cannot underestimate the power of culture. Beliefs most clock guide what you do and accounting is not an exception. Moral judgment, value system, attitude towards anything, legal system, Religion or even educational background are powerful forces underlying behaviours. It is therefore not questionable that the above factors shapes accounting value, therefore impacts the accounting envi ronment internationally. A good example is Islamic culture that does not encourage borrowing as against western culture that is anchored on borrowing.This cultural influence has proved to have made accounting harmonization difficult. A major harmonization attempt is the setting up of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), under the oversight of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) through an agreement made by professional accountancy bodies from developed countries. Its objective is to develop a set of global accounting standards that require high quality, transparency, and comparability of financial statements of different countries (iasplus 2007). But its efforts have been frustrated by constraints like culture, education, taxation, political climate, and economic development of many countries.Comparison of Canada and France accounting modelsHofstedes cultural dimensions as applied in accounting by Gray (1988) will be used to classify Canada and Fr ance. Canada and France expend different accounting systems and operate within socio-economic environments which have many distinguishing features that may influence accounting.Canada has Anglo-American accounting and auditing tradition therefore flexibility and professionalism prevails. Her system and values safeguards shareholder interests. In contrast, French accounting system as in most Continental European countries relies upon the course of study Comptable and codified rules that satisfy stakeholders information needs and it is characterized by values of equivalentity and statutory control (Gray, 1988).Canada and France recognised International Accounting Standards (IAS, called International Financial Reporting Standards, IFRS) since 2001 but Gray and Street 2001(cited by Othman H. B and Zeghal. D 2006) still find differences between them in terms of IAS/IFRS implementation. Leuz, and Wysocki 2000 (cited by Othman H. B and Zeghal D. 2006) argue that it is because IASC stan dards possess no enforcement rules and rely on local auditors and country-specific legal remedies to enforce standards.Applying Grays four accounting values as discussed above, Canada is viewed to have higher professionalism, flexibility, optimism and transparency which have shaped the finance mode and shareholder corporate-governance model. There is also lack of fundamental interaction between financial reporting because of its high individualism, low uncertainty-avoidance and power-distance index. France has higher statutory control, uniformity, conservatism, and high uncertainty avoidance which in contrast show strong government influence in accounting regulation. France has a stakeholder corporate-governance model, which is dominated by banks, government, or families.Canada has a common-law accounting system which includes the accounting standards used to prepare financial information. The provincial and federal law left the regulation of accounting standards to the Canadian Ins titute of Chartered Accountants (CICA). There is no uniform plan of accounts rather standards evolve by becoming commonly accepted in practice, but with a considerable degree of uniformity which the CICA regulates. Accordingly, accounting and tax rules are kept separate. Financial reports are drawn up according to accounting standards.In France, Plan comptable general which Governmental oblige on accounting have strongly influenced accounting practices (Perera, 1989). This Accounting Plan is typically prescriptive, detailed, and procedural. Financial accounting is very much a public-sector activity, administered by governmental (or quasi-governmental) bodies.CONCLUSIONThis essay has looked at how culture influences the accounting standards and sees that culture indeed shapes the accounting standards of any particular country. Many countries place immense emphasis on their own accounting standards, because of the societal values and norms on which these standards have been designed . The definition of culture and how it affects national/international accounting standards were provided, citing the analyses of Hofstede and Gray. Our analyses using Canada and France as sample countries establish the much ignored link between culture and accounting. The essay also looked at international accounting harmonization efforts of the IASB, and how culture has affected its goals. Although there are other factors affecting national accounting standards, culture indeed plays a pivotal role in determining national accounting standards. With the analyses, it is hoped that culture and accounting will be considered side-by-side when decisions are being made globally.