Ethical Legacy

In my opinion, one of the activities has a positive impact on the work ethic that is voluntary. Every year, I participate in volunteer activities each summer or in the spare time. My friend and I have organized the charity work; participate in community activities and work actively to protect the environment.We have organized clubs such as teaching charity for poor children who cannot afford to go to school in the neighboring provinces, building compassion for the poor and gatherings were held on special occasions particularly for children(such as mid-autumn festival and international children's day). We build and do many activities such as selling newspapers, books, souvenirs handmade and sale them. All benefits in the activities will be contributed to buying your textbooks for poor students learn.These Jobs helped me more pleasure, relieve the stress of learning hours at school, and bring Joy to your child. In addition, I am also actively involved in environmental protection which is energy saving, waste sorting, k littering in public places. Keeping the environment green and clean more. It's Just little things, but it also contributes to the reduction of illiteracy rate in Vietnam, help for the poor people who are stagnated, they have to earn their living hard to get the food out daily. In volunteering, I remember that activity â€Å"the exam season† and â€Å"Relay to school. It is an organization of volunteer team: consultants, candidates and help the candidates about where to eat, stay, and travel, venues and guide to the exam registration process, keeping participants security and order, traffic safety in college entrance exam scores at the school. And organize activities â€Å"to the 2013 Relay† with the contents: admissions guidelines; selected industries, consulting, search the motel, etc to support the students; first-year students enter the school. I think that volunteer activities are an activity most meaningful to me.Because, volunt eer activities are not only helped me develop professional competence, wisdom and his zeal to contribute to the economic development of culture and society in a number of localities, but also through the activities volunteer promote the collection, solidarity, education and the environment to students, give students the knowledge, practical approach, trained public relations capacity, the main character and bravery treatment to best meet operational needs social needs education of youth and adult students.

Of Mice and Men Essay Essay

â€Å"The language of friendship is not in words, but in meanings† – Henry David Thoreau While reading the novel, Of Mice and Men, the reader gets a front row view into the relationship of the two main characters, Lennie and George. In every friendship, there are dysfunctional moments, ups and downs, genuine moments and never ending adventures. By definition, a friend is someone to talk to, do things with, be there for each other in time of need and be each other’s crying shoulder. Throughout this novel, Lennie and George display a friendship unlike any other. It is so dysfunctional and rare it makes the reader wonder why these two are friends. For example, the boss says â€Å"Well, I never seen one guy take so much trouble for another guy.† â€Å"I just like to know your interest.† In this quote found on page 25, the boss is trying to make sense of their friendship. Even though this quote highlights the rarity of George and Lennie’s bond, this causes the boss to suspect wrong- doing on George’s part. At the end of the novel, George end s up shooting Lennie. This perfectly displays the dysfunctional and rare qualities in their friendship. There are many ups and downs in Lennie and George’s friendship in addition to it being dysfunctional and rare. Lennie is mentally ill. There is absolutely no rhyme or reason behind his actions. For instance, without Lennie, George could â€Å"Go get a job an’ work an’ no trouble. No mess at all and at the end of the month I could take my fifty bucks into town and get whatever I want.† This shows Lennie and George’s Relationship being down. Even though Lennie is a huge burden, George ultimately chooses to not be without him. Even though it seems like George is being held down by Lennie, George stays with Lennie because they both want the migrant dream. â€Å"Someday – we’re gonna get the Jack together, have a little house and a couple of acres an’ a cow and some pigs and we’ll have a big vegetable patch.† Thus, these two cannot live without each other. Lennie and George have a genuine relationship too. George takes really good care of Lennie, almost like in a maternal way. George says, â€Å"Lennie, for God’ sakes don’t drink so much, you gonna be sick like you was last night.† This shows he cares about Lennie. In the beginning, Lennie assaults a lady by tearing the front side of her dress  off in their old town Weeds. George could’ve easily left Lennie to fend for himself but he realized that wasn’t the right thing to do. Lennie hears his dead aunt Clara telling him â€Å"When he got a piece of pie you always got half or more’n half.† â€Å"An’ if there was any ketchup, why he’d give it all to you.† As the novel progresses, Lennie’s past catches up with him and the authorities start looking for him. George knows that if it is caught, the officers would throw him in jail and he wouldn’t survive. So George shoots Lennie to basically put him out of his misery. Clearly, they have a genuine friendship. With every friendship, there are many adventures along the way. The novel starts off in a scenic woodsy area by a lake. Lennie and George run away together from their home town of Weed to run from the authorities and start a new life as migrant workers. When they’ve finally reached the barn, they meet new people and build relationships with them. The boss, Curley, Curley’s wife, Slim, Crooks, and Carlson. Lennie is always getting into trouble and George is always looking to get him out of it. Lennie kills a mouse, strangles Curley’s wife and also kills the dog. Although this book had many twist and turns, it was a heart- warming thriller that illustrated what life was like back in the 1930s. it surely wasn’t easy but having a dream meant a lot to the characters and made them strive to live their dream.

Analysis Of A Modern China Family English Literature Essay

Analysis Of A Modern China Family English Literature Essay Pa Chin’s Family is a historical, semi-autobiographical narrative of the hardships endured by the members of an aristocratic family during the massive transformation in Chinese social and political order that took place during the early 20th century. The central conflict that is embodied in the novel is the inability of the individuals portrayed in the narrative to move past the often oppressive traditional social constructs that prevent them from moving forward in light of the new revolutionary paradigm that was sweeping the country. Three brothers, Chueh-hui, Chueh-min and Chueh-hsin, are the central figures in this narrative, and the struggle to balance the responsibilities imposed upon them by the traditional order and their desire for radical change defines the essential subject matter of the novel. These conflicting desires tear them apart and force them to either adapt or be left in the past. The work embodies the voice of a nation that was steeped in contradiction, an d demonstrates throughout its passages strong underlying themes of societal disillusionment and unrest. By offering a unique insight into the most personal aspects of life during this tumultuous period of Chinese history, Family offers the historian a critical perspective on the psychological underpinnings of a society undergoing fundamental changes in structure. The increasingly pronounced dichotomy between old and new is critical to the understanding of the narrative in this story. This is represented at numerous avenues, but is revealed most blatantly in a sequence where Chueh-hui’s ponders upon his grandfather’s sleeping body and through careful analysis comes to the realization that the old man ultimately represents â€Å"not his grandfather, but an entire generation† and that he himself was similarly the representative of his own generation. Reflecting further upon this observation leads him to the conclusion that â€Å"they could never see eye-to-eyeâ₠¬ . (Chin 64). This conclusion is important, and foreshadows the inability of China to reconcile the two radically divergent world-views; there would be an ultimate clash between traditionalism and socialist progressivism that tears apart not only the country, but all the bonds that are held within. This antagonism between the old and the new similarly crosses historical lines, with historical texts demonstrating a fundamental disconnect between the traditional constructs that served as the guidance of China’s actions on the world stage for generations and a powerful need for reform that threatened to sweep away these traditional systems. In Madame Sun Yat-Sen’s public address concerning the political left, she opens with the following: â€Å"if China is to survive as an independent country in the modern struggle of nations, her semi- feudal conditions of life must be fundamentally changed and a modern state created to replace the medieval system which has existed fo r more than a thousand years. This task needs to be done by the method of revolution† (Cheng & Lestz 267). Statements such as these reflect a growing animosity towards traditional social constructs, in this instance painting them as â€Å"medieval†. This attitude is indicative of an unwillingness to compromise with the past in order to move forward – it must be burned away to make room for the new.

Management of IT Systems and Projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management of IT Systems and Projects - Essay Example Looking up and practically testing the implemented fruitfulness of the blessings of information and technology themselves, the new generation of students takes pride in choosing the studies for computing and information technology as their main field of study. However, since the said field of study is relatively newer as compared to the seasoned sciences and humanities related courses students are often unsure as to what their main career paths would be after they have graduated from their computing degrees. Among the basic careers of becoming a computer programmer or a computer science engineer another plausible domain that can get cherished by the advent of the computer science graduates is the field of IT project management. DEFINING PROJECT MANAGEMENT Project Management is an integral task that supports the overall structure of an organization. The application of project management techniques such as establishment of communications among stakeholders and project designers, the or ganization of tasks, the linking of processes within an organization, highlighting of the motivating factors at hand, planning tasks, scheduling subsequent deliverables and the management of resources in pursuit of targeting goals are few of the specific tasks that a project manager needs to perform within his organization. MAIN IDEA With respect to IT, the field of project management becomes even more challenging. IT does not remain the cup of tea of a mere project manager but becomes a specifically designed arena which is best suited to graduates who have specialized in the field of computing and information sciences. With reference to the study done by Downey (2010) it is quoted that Downey considers the conventional career path of a computer programmer as that of an analyst which then eventually ends up as the CIO of an organization after being promoted as an IT manager in the middle. The denomination of being an IT project manager, on the other hand, involves the insight of bot h the business related concepts and also information technology intricacies. It is all about implementing the required technologies into the just right business processes. An IT project manager is the key person who controls the overall working of information systems within organizations. Information systems nowadays are the building blocks of each unit of the corporate world. They are inevitable as they link together all business processes with the latest bits of technologically advanced products thus resulting in the efficient performance of each business unit in the real time environment. However, despite all the above mentioned benefits that a project manager is responsible to address the studies done by Downey (2010) show that there is a point of saturation that each IT individual eventually comes to. Since the technologies are getting renovated at a very rapid rate these individuals can survive at their present positions only if they keep themselves up to date with the latest trends in their field. This is owing to the flexibility of the newer trends but is majorly because of the increasing competition posed by the new-coming IT individuals. It is also mentioned that the input of time and money into the seasoned

The capital punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The capital punishment - Essay Example The capital punishment is retribution; therefore, it should be practiced in the U.S despite claims by that it has no efficacy in deterring crime. The capital punishment is no doubt the most effective way to deter a criminal from committing further crimes since death deprives of human ability. Death penalty puts a stop to a murder’s criminal activity. The cost of taking care of a life sentence convict is much less the cost of the death sentence (Evan Mandery 204). Texas is one of the states that comprise the U.S with an excellent example to the practice of the capital punishment. On 2 July, in the year 2007, legislators in Texas mandated the death penalty for traffic offences among them failure to obey seat belt laws, speeding and driving without a license. This legislation stipulates seizure and sale of offender’s assets by the state to raise revenue for road construction and maintenance following execution. The legislation plays a vital role in raising taxes for the state. The capital punishment is economically significant to the U.S. On a rough approximate the U.S spends $25,000 to maintain a single prisoner. Imprisonment of criminals adds a burden to the U.S budget. The practice of a retroactive application of the capital punishment in the prison system might be the gateway to achieving a cost cut on the government’s expenditure on maintaining criminals. The death punishment is not only effective in deterring crimes but also promoting economic growth (Evan Mandery 368).

Case portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case portfolio - Essay Example iii. Compact Disk: This disk similar to the first evidence could have been used to store data which might have appertained to the pending case. This disk can also be preserved in a tamper proof evidence material/bag while awaiting transportation to the law enforcement agency or pending analysis. iv. The Hard Disk Drive: This material is always used to store all the information in a computer system. As the primary storage source, this evidence could reveal most of the data required in determining this case. In storing this, the data in the drive can be copied to another independent one for precautionary reasons. The disk should also be stored in a tamper proof material awaiting analysis or transfer to the law enforcement agency. v. The telephone: Mr. Didit might have used this phone for his communications and as such this item would be major evidence in the case. The call history should be tapped and stored in a safe and permanent place. Obtaining the call logs will reveal the information he was communicating and the recipients of the same and whether in his communications he talked of child pornography at all. The internal memory of the phone should be able to reveal all the evidence pertaining to this case if there is any made. vi. The computers: Since it is the computers that were mainly used in the major communications, these computers in the office provide crucial evidence as to the validity of the case. Together with their components, they should be analyzed to determine the information in their internal memories and as well be kept safely without being moved by unauthorized personalities. I secured the computers and components and transported the same to the law enforcement authority. vii. The computer mouse: This is used to input specific commands especially when accessing file. The fingerprints of the user can be traced on it which can then

Health care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health care - Essay Example Although the coverage changes will largely take effect after 2014, yet the changes made so far are likely to benefit the rural people by improving their coverage rates. Children in the family plans would be qualifying for coverage up to 26 years of age as dependents. The implementation of changes would develop high-risk pools which would be particularly meant for those whose health conditions have existed for quite a while in the past. Owners of petty businesses as well as their workers would benefit from the subsidies and the addition of tax credits. People in rural frontier and nonadjacent areas conventionally have very low rates of health care insurance as compared to those in the urban regions. Therefore, effects of the provisions of ACA will generally be much more profound in the rural areas as compared to the urban areas. Rural people happily accept to work for little compensation. Volume of business does not matter much for them. It is important to note that the effect of ACA in rural regions will be the aggregate of appreciable advancements in coverage, which would be steadied by the imposed limitations on payments to the health care providers in rural areas particularly through such programs as the Medicare program.

Frederick II (Frederick the Great) Research Paper

Frederick II (Frederick the Great) - Research Paper Example Majority of military strategists perceive him as a brilliant military thinker while critics accuse him of being a power-hungry tyrant willing to go to any length to calm his ego and enhance his reputation.1 This paper asserts that Frederick II epitomized what a military leader should be, especially based on his profound and enduring influence on other military strategists, leaders, generals, and statesmen who came after him.2 Frederick II noted, â€Å"A country should be ready for war, offensive or defensive and preparedness for war hinges on the condition of the army and the finances. Frederick II of Prussia was one of the â€Å"enlightened monarchs† (enlightened despots) based on the reforms that he was able to bring to Prussia. During his reign, he was able to expand the territories of Prussia to become a power house in Europe. Frederick modernized Prussian bureaucracy and civil service, besides promoting religious tolerance. Frederick managed to modify Prussia from European back water to an economically powerful and politically reformed state. One of the strengths of Frederick II lies in the fact that he was an enlightened absolutist and thus, could run the political side while simultaneously directing the army to achieve the objectives of the state. One of Frederick’s most outstanding quote details â€Å"a nation lacking an army is like an orchestra without instruments.†3 As a military leader, Frederick II focused on drill and discipline, besides stimulating initiative and inspiration in his military leadership. Frederick II maintained that common soldiers should fear their own officers more compared to the enemy, and he closely monitored his generals to ensure that none could be trusted to perform independently. As crown prince, Frederick II maintained that Prussia could not evade being drawn into conflict practically anywhere in Europe. However, his country was short of the

Training Program for Priority Plastics, Inc Assignment - 7

Training Program for Priority Plastics, Inc - Assignment Example The coverage of this module includes the explanation of the injection molding machine and its significance in the business of the company. It will also introduce the principles of injection molding machines that will serve as their theoretical foundation. Â  New hires will be taught about the different parts of the injection machine to be able to determine damaged parts that could cause a problem in the future. They will be also taught about the basic operation of the injection molding machine. This module will emphasize safety, efficiency, and productivity. Â  The module will teach the trainees about the entire molding process. The molding process includes familiarity with the raw material used to make plastics, how the injection machine operate and mold the materials into plastic and how to control and operate the machine. Â  In this module, trainees will be taught on how to independently operate an injection machine from the operations point of view. This is the stage where trainees will be handling actual operation which is apart and separate from theoretical introductions in the previous modules. This module will enable trainees to do the mold according to company’s safety and quality standard. Â  Job-training will teach trainees proficiency in the operation of the machines in a production floor environment. In this stage, trainees are no longer in the classroom but in the actual production floor.

Culture and Cognition Essay Example for Free

Culture and Cognition Essay Culture may be defined as a combination of different traits of a social group. These traits or ways of life can be language, arts, sciences, thoughts, spirituality, social activities, interactions, and many more (â€Å"Definition†, n. d. ). The world has many peoples and thus many cultures, thus each has their own beliefs, traditions, and customs. Another characteristic of a certain culture may be cognition. Because of human diversity in traditions and customs, there is also diversity in intelligence. According to Cole, Gay, Glick, and Sharp (as cited in Sternberg, 2004), certain behaviors may be smart in one culture but plainly stupid in another (1971). Culture and Intelligence According to Robert Sternberg in his article entitled â€Å"Culture and Intelligence†, intelligence cannot be fully measured, developed, and conceptualized when it is outside the cultural context. This creates an impression that intelligence is a norm and being a deviant from that norm would mean less intelligence (2004, p. 1). An example given by Sternberg about intelligence tests shows an evidence of his argument. Any intelligence test created in one culture may not be valid in another culture. Sternberg also constructed models in order to determine if the culture has a significant effect on intelligence. On the third model, the dimensions of intelligence are the same as with the other models. However, the instruments used are different from the other models. The measurement process was therefore derived from the culture being studied and not from outside it. As this is done, the psychological meanings of the scores of the assessments change from one culture to another. Culture and Cognition Intelligence is just one of the cognitive characteristics of man. Culture, as well as social systems has a role in developing the people’s system of thought. This is according to Richard Nisbett, Incheol Choi, Laiping Peng, and Ara Norenzayan, when they studied the difference between easterners and westerners in terms of cognitive processes (2001). They stated that east Asians are holistic in their cognitive processes, focusing on an entire field and its causality. On the other hand, westerners such as Americans are analytic because they pay more attention on the object and the categories, making use of rules such as formal logic. The authors of this article suggest that the origin of these differences is traceable to different social systems (p. 291). They were able to conclude that there is still a very great difference between cultures. It is because of the circumstances brought about by these cultures that one process will always be different from another. Furthermore, the norms or the normative standards for though will differ across cultures (p. 306). The influence of culture has many implications in cognition. This insight may change the very definition of intelligence as related to different social systems. This also has a great effect in cognitive assessment since one measuring tool may not be appropriate for all cultures. Although international communication is already established, this information would give more understanding to people as to how others with different cultures are different to them in terms of learning styles, perception, and other aspects of cognition. It would also change the perception on people who are considered as intellectually inferior since intelligence no longer focuses on a dominant or normative standard set by those perceived as superior. References â€Å"Definition of Culture†, (n. d. ). Roshan Culture Heritage Institute. Retrieved 24 May 2010 from http://www. roshan-institute. org/templates/System/details. asp? id=39783PID =474552. Nisbett, R. E. , Peng, K. , Choi, I. , Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and Systems of Thought: Holistic versus Analytic Cognition. Psychological Review. 108(2), pp. 291-310. Sternberg, R. (2004). â€Å"Culture and Intelligence†. American Psychologist. 59(5), pp. 325- 338.

Debate On Gender Difference Sociology Essay

Debate On Gender Difference Sociology Essay From the moment we born, people have already been attributed as male or female, which is classified by our biological differences of body. However, there are other characteristic, e.g. mental, social definitions of sexes, for dividing us into masculine or feminine. From the past to present, gender difference has long been a debatable topic in our society. Different approaches, mainly essentialism and constructionism, have different view on the origin of gender different. The main debate is that whether gender differences are socially constructed or derive from biological differences. In the following, I will first look back the essentialist and constructionist debate on the issue of gender difference. Then, whether gender is socially constructed in the aspect of family, education and mass media will be argued. For essentialist, it is agreed that gender differences are of an intrinsic of nature, which is related to psychological and physical differences of our body. Determined by different genes and hormones, everyone have their own particular features and attributes. That means that people are born either women or men, which depends on whether they have penis or vagina. Besides, it is argued that gender differences are propelled by natural force which resulted in inequalities between male and female. As men and women are born to be fundamentally different, it is impossible to have an equal society root and branch. Oppositely, the constructionist thinks that the gender roles are created culturally instead of biologically. They argued that gender roles are culturally resulted as our emotion, action, desire and relationships with others are affected by the society and people. As we interact with others every day, we will learn what the society expects for male and female. Through gender socialization, feminine or masculine roles will be taught to the children by various social institutions, e.g. family, region, law and so on. It is claimed that when an infant is born, gender socialization starts. We are doing gender through socially guided activities which shapes our perception of masculinity or femininity. For example, in our society, most of the women are allowed to wear dresses and high heels. While for men having this kind of dressing, they will be classified as abnormal. For this situation, the constructionist will argue that because of the society, it is socially acceptable for women to wear dresses and high heels. The society has a norm that women are allowed to have this kind of dressing and this concept shaped our mind. However, for essentialist, they will argue that it is due to the womens biological organ, women are normal for wearing dress and high heel. Instead of social construction, the distinctive biological dissimilarity of body create these differences. From the above, it is known that there is a fierce debate on whether gender is of biological differences or is socially constructed among essentialist and constructionist. To a larger extend, it is thought that gender is socially constructed. As we are living in a society that we interact with others every day, it is undeniable that gender socialization is happened to us from child to adult. In other words, both Masculinity and femininity is the result of socialization. Thus, this implies that society creates gender role and differences, which is consistent with the view of constructionist. In the following, I will explain how the gender is socially constructed by various agents, including family, education and mass media. From Lindsey (2011), Family is the most crucial primary socialization agent for children since first knowledge and value are learnt. Kimmel, 2011 also claimed that Gender socialization have begun when we born. It is believed that families have the power to affect individuals emotion, behaviors and values. So, during the process of growing of children, they will learn to understand their own gender. Norms and customs of different genders are learnt from parent primarily. When we are small, our parents encourage acts that are consistent with the norm of our gender and prevent us from doing some behavior that are of the opposite gender. For instance, girls are encouraged to play doll while boys are encouraged to play gun. For constructing gender of children by family, there are mainly four ways which is proposed by Ann Oakley. Manipulation is one of the ways that parent encourage behaviors that are appeared to be normal for the childrens gender. For example, boys are encouraged to join basketball practice while discouraged from joining ballet lessons. The second one, canalization, is that parent guides the childrens interest to the activities of their gender. One example is that girls are guided to play cooking sets. Verbal appellation which means that childrens gender are constructed through naming them. Cute girl, dont be so rude. is an apparent verbal expression which teaches the children appropriate act of their gender. The final method is by different activities. Parents usually arrange girls take part in indoor domestic activities while boys take part in outdoor activities. According social learning theory, it is stated that people learn the social behavior primarily by observing and imitating others behavior when they are young. Children spend most of their time at home with their parent which they may learn the gender role from them by observing. A recent research done by Charles (2002) supports this point. It shows that family have a gender stereotype that males generally work outside and females have caring roles. This implies that boys and girls learn this kind of role from observing their fathers and mothers behavior. In addition to family, education also plays a key role in constructing gender identity. School is a place that children are having second stage of socialization. It is clear that children spend most of the time at school after the age of three. So, Formal schooling provides a major medium for children to learn and reinforce the cultural expectations for males and females (Finn et al. 1980; Lee et al., 1994). At school, there is different treatment toward girls and boy. Teachers play a role in socializing girls towards femininity while boys toward masculinity as there must be interaction between teachers and students. From the words of the teacher, it already instills some gender characteristic for the students. For instance, girls are lauded for quiet and elegant, whereas boys are praised for active or speaking up by teachers. Clearly, role or norms of gender are shaped in this approach. Moreover, the content of textbooks or literature that is taught in the classroom may have some knowledge related to gender role. Some literatures with masculine pronoun or history that determined that role of men influence them as it may be the role models which are looking up. Besides, some gender roles are also distinguished from the curriculum. It is known that the curriculum is still different for girls and boys in some developing countries. For the case of Uganda, girls are receiving more knowledge related to family life and home while boys get information of sports or productive still. (Mirembe Davies, as cited in 9789241596435_eng, 2001) Another aspect of education which helps shaping the gender roles is the playground activities. Playground is a place that clearly distinguishes the gender role. For boys, they usually participate in sport game actively. For girls, they would have some social activities or indoor activities. Schools are made up of students with similar age and status. It is common to see that children with same gender play together. In this stage, children have already developed a much intense consciousness of gender identity. Thus, it will soon closure into a more rigid gender roles. From the above, we know that education is also one of agents which the gender constructed socially. Media contribute significantly to construction of gender in our early life. Media are the diversified media technologies that are tried to gain a large audience by mass communication. There are various kind of media, including broadcast, print, outdoor, internet, etc. Throne (1993) claimed that gender role stereotypes are often internalized by children from the media, especially television. Moreover, research done by Anderson, 1986 also shows that television influence childrens lives greatly. For teenagers, popular television drama and magazines help them develop and sustain the lifestyle of their gender through photos or dialogue. Prevalent gender ideologies or characteristics which imply gender differences are transmitted to the adolescent visually and verbally in the media. (Tinkler, 1995) For example, we seldom see male nurse in the television drama. In nowadays, since we have assumed that women are much more caring and benevolent to men, female are more suitable than male to be nurse. Again, gender differences can also be shown in the media which socially constructed the gender identity among male and female. Moreover, adolescents tend to share what they have read and saw through the media. By interaction between youngster, gender are constructed collaboratively. Moreover, it is claimed that presented gender behavior in images by music or movies help adolescents to take the idea of what meant to be a men or women. (Greenberg et al., as cited in d, 1986) When it comes to the media, gender stereotype are also found in different media, especially in propaganda. It is a powerful agent which affects our attitudes, beliefs and the values that we are of ourselves, others and the world. (1018899522353.pdf ) It is not difficult to find female or male stereotype among the news, magazines or on television. For example, advertisements promoting slimming programme and plastic surgery are found everywhere in Hong Kong, from magazine to MTRs advertisement board. Models in the propagandas are stereotyped that women should be slim, beautiful and with big breast. There are also some advertisements promoting masculinity among men. Muscular and powerful are the male characteristics which are stereotyped too. It is found that male characters were presented as a valued role model, but it were supermasculine with personal feature of aggression. (Peevers, as cited in mass media and gender, 1987). In most of the film, men are usually engaged in violent scenes of rape and kill. (Nelson, as cite in mass media and gender, 1985) This shown both good and bad men is aggressive. For instance, in film of Batman, Batman has an image that he is powerful, muscular, and aggressive in killing the bad guys. This c reates gender stereotype. As children or adolescent is easily access to these kinds of film, this kind of stereotype are easily instill in their mind which are process of gender construction. As a result, this kind of gender stereotype may change or shape the childrens view toward gender, which affect them constructing their gender. From the above, it is clear that gender is socially constructed through family, education and mass media. Besides, many socialization agents who are not mentioned play a role in shaping our gender identity. To a larger extend, it is thought that gender is socially constructed instead of biologically construct. Since we are exposed to different socialization agents every day and everywhere, it is impossible to say that we havent affected by the society. Famous sociologist George Herbert Mead also claimed that the self-identity is not present when we were first born, instead, it is developed with social experience.

An Inward Collapse of the Human Perspective in Forsters A Passage to I

An Inward Collapse of the Human Perspective in Forster's A Passage to India      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The reverberation of sound in the form of an echo is threaded throughout E.M. Forster's A Passage to India, and the link between the echo and the hollowness of the human spirit is depicted in the text. The echo is not heard in the beginning of the text when the English newcomers, Mrs. Moore and Ms. Quested, arrive in India; it is more clearly heard as their relationship with India gains complexity. The influence of the colonizers and the colonized on one another is inevitable; however, the usual assumption is that the colonists are the most successful in imposing their values and ideologies on the individuals whom they view as the "natives." In an introduction to a text depicting a portrait of the colonizer and the colonized, Jean-Paul Sartre states that in attempting to dehumanize colonized individuals, the colonist becomes dehumanized himself. "A relentless reciprocity binds the colonizer to the colonized-his product becomes his fate" (Sartre xxviii). While Forster 's text possesses numerous instances of the English losing a humanistic perspective as they place the Indians in a submissive role and treat them as subjects, it can be argued that Sartre's observation of the dynamic existing between the colonizer and the colonized is somewhat manipulated in Forster's text-instead of being dehumanized from their exposure to the colonized, the colonizers gain greater insight into the essence of humanity. The English characters in the text are embraced by the mystery and spirituality of the Orient, which is the focus of their imperialism. As a result, the English join their Indian counterparts in looking inward and outward to discover that the void a... ...rain and snows! O day and night, passage to you! -Walt Whitman       Works Cited    Crews, Frederick C. E.M. Forster: The Perils of Humanism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1962. Forster, E.M. A Passage to India. San Diego: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1984 Parry, Benita. "A Passage to More than India." Ed. Malcolm Bradbury. Forster: A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Rosecrance, Barbara. Forster's Narrative Vision. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982. Sartre, Jean-Paul. Introduction. The Colonizer and the Colonized. By Albert Memmi. New York: Orion Press, 1965. xxi-xxix. Stone, Wilfred. The Cave and the Mountain: A Study of E.M. Forster. London: Oxford University Press, 1966. Thomson, George H. The Fiction of E.M. Forster. Detroit: Wayne State University press, 1967.

Portrayal of the Lower Class :: Sociology

Portrayal of the Lower Class When the words poverty comes up what are the first things that come to mind. Usually the first thing thought of is the perception of a man with a torn skiing cap, tattered plaid jacket, dirty gloves, no shoes and living under a bridge. This is, like most stereotypes the extremity of the problem. The homeless you see on the street does not exemplify everyone in poverty. Most live in a very small apartment or complex with some food and water. Poverty by definition is the state of having little or no money and few possessions. This definition even says that not all in poverty are without a home or food or even clothes, it simply states that it is not a substantial amount. So how is it that new and everyone that is shown in poverty is always shown in rags on the corner? One reason is for the exact reason these people are in this state, money. Relief Organization and Companies raise millions if not billions of dollars a year on the aid of the less fortunate. Is it really tangible to believe that every drop of this money is going straight to these people? No, some of the money has to be going to patrons or even the fundraisers themselves. Even no-profit organizations spend money on bettering their own facilities. These people are not taking out enough money for there to be a question, but money is lost in translation. I don't mean to sound like a pessimist, but most people in this world are looking to expedite there way into money. What better way than to pluck the strings of another ones heart and have them willingly give you money? You might ask yourself how this plays into the role of stereotyping, its falls into affect when the media and government gets involved. Media sets up a portrayal of people who are poor and misfortunate as having absolutely nothing so that generous people will want to give more. As seen in hurricane Katrina, the media only showed riots in the street, African Americans looting stores, and people will no clothes on standing in the middle of the street in knee-deep water. You might want to know how embezzlers, the government and the media both have an impact on the stereotype of poverty.

Brutus and Mark Antony in the play Julius Caesar :: William Shakespeare

The Empire of Deceit In the play Julius Caesar, written by the playwright William Shakespeare, the characters Brutus and Mark Antony each recite a speech in the market place after Caesar’s death. These speeches, exemplifying parallelism, verbal irony, and witty use rhetoric, expose the true intentions of these characters. From these speeches, the reader can understand the true intentions of these characters and thus conclude for themselves whether or not the slaying of Caesar was one of justice or one of greed. Corruption is always apparent in every society. No matter what time, age, or government, every man or women always has a second intention. In murdering Caesar, Brutus hoped that he could gain power. His intentions also presented a scenario in which the plebeians were pleased with his course of action. Why? With the logic that states that all Roman people were or would become the slaves of Caesar due to his immense power. Thus, in Brutus’s mind, he is the liberator of the Roman people. Trying to woo the simple plebeians in the marketplace, he asks them to invest trust in him. Brutus makes clever rhetoric such as his emphasis and emotion on powerful words to convey his message. But what the reader must understand is that this man is nothing more than a corrupt politician. Brutus uses language in his favor, stating he killed Caesar not out of hate, but in fact because of his love of the Roman people. If one truly understands the key principles of all language and philosophy, the n one must be able to tell that Brutus is doing nothing more than using a â€Å"double-talk† kind of approach towards the common man. Reality can be controlled. The reason behind this statement is simple- reality is controlled by keepers of the records. What this statement means is that any situation can be manipulated in order to favor one side or another. In the speech by Antony, the tide of reality pulls sharply out, exposing a beach of discontent and deceit. Antony starts his speech by saying that he is not there to praise the late emperor, but in fact accept the fact that Brutus is a praiseworthy man. However, Antony’s speech begins to pull the tide of Brutus’s reality once Antony mentions that Caesar was his friend. It is this simple notion that changes Rome’s future forever. Antony goes on to state that Caesar had triumphed over many enemies, thus bringing power to the Romans and bringing much fortune.

Promoting diversity within a health and social setting Essay

In this report I am going to outline The Mental Health Act alongside this, the procedures and codes of practise and how both of these aim to promote diversity and assessing the effectiveness of these measures in place. The Mental Health Act aims to safeguard the vulnerable, by ensuring they are treated fairly and equally by services and given permission to health care, for example hospital treatment if required. The term mental illness or a personality disorder is used to describe someone with a mental disorder. The key principles of the act include keeping the service users best interest at heart and if unwise decisions are made by the user, the least restrictive option should be made. The mental health acts helps to promote diversity, because it ensures that the individual themselves will not be taken advantage of and their choices are met with full understanding before a decision has been made. This also makes sure that the person who holds the right to overrule the decision making follows under the act closely. The codes of practise aim to provide rules and regulations on how professionals should behave in a health and social care service. Most importantly, they provide specific standards of practise for each situation. For example, there is a code of practise for nursing and midwifery, known as ‘the nursing and midwifery council’. Another example of how codes of practise provide specific rules for each situation is the including standards of practise specially tailored for social care workers. This is known as the ‘General Social Care Council.’ The standards of practise must comply with the employers and employees responsibilities non- discriminatory practise. These responsibilities include staff promoting choices about service users and the care they receive; promoting a sense of self – concept for each service user; promoting diversity by considering their preferences, the service user’s individual needs and their wishes being taken into consideration of every aspect of their care. These responsibilities help to promote diversity, because it prevents victimisation and respects individual’s different views, with providing equality for all and promoting non – discriminatory practise. Overall, this piece of legislation is effective, because it aims to promote diversity by providing important legislation with lawful regulations that helps to meet service user’s needs. For example, the mental health act ensures the individual focused on if necessary, will be ensured to have informed and respectful decisions made based on their needs and preferences. Codes of practise are effective for aiming to promote diversity, because they provide standards of practise for individual situations, which all consequently aim to promote diversity and help staff and carers to use non – discriminatory practices that respect all individual service user’s needs while also aiming to promote and respect differences within each individual.

“a Rose for Emily, ” “Young Goodman Brown” and “Good Country People, ”

Isolation: Loneliness from Society The time moves on for all people. If we cannot come to terms with that, bad things can happen. A short story, â€Å"A Rose for Emil,† by William Faulkner, was first published on April 30, 1930. William Cuthbert Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi, on September 25, 1897. He is one of the greatest writers in America and obtained Nobel Prize laureate. As he grew up in New Albany, Mississippi, the Southern society influenced to him.Through his works such a Sartoris (book, 1931), The Sound and The Fury (1929), As I Lay Dying (poem, 1930), The Sanctuary (1931), and A Famle (1954), he depicted chronologically the decaying Southern society. In other words, he mainly pointed out the vice of the southern high society and the pursuit to create the universal humanity. (Meyer 83) Nathaniel Hawthorne, an America author of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† born on July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts, grew up in a very strict Puritan family, whic h is where his inspiration came from.In addition, in most of Hawthorne's short stories, he developed the stories in similar settings in time and characters. The author described that time setting is the seventeenth century in New England, especially, Salem, his hometown. Even though he criticized the Puritanism, he was fully a Puritan. â€Å"Good Country People† is a short story written by Flannery O'Connor. Born in Savannah, Georgia, on March 25, 1925, Mary Flannery O'Connor was a female southern writer who wrote two novels and thirty-two short stories that are mainly in Southern Gothic style and relied heavily on regional setting and grotesque characters (Ditsky 3).Flannery O`Connor`s short stories mainly centers around the author`s characteristics as a Southern writer and her treatment of religious themes based on her Catholicism set in the Protestant South. These authors, William Faulkner, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Flannery O’Conner, had common critical perspectives in religion and region, and they developed the stories in similar tones. In the stories: â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and â€Å"Good Country People,† all of the main characters experience isolation from the society. To begin, William Faulkner's â€Å"A rose for Emily† shows the reader about lonely woman.Emily, the protagonist, has fallen down the social ladder and cannot recognize that time is moving forward, meaning that everything is changing. In her funeral, the beginning of the story from â€Å"No one save an old manservant – a combined gardener and cook-† had seen in at least ten years (Faulkner 84). Nobody has been to her house in ten years, except for her servant. This sets the framework for Emily's isolation in life by beginning with her funeral. When the city authorities go to her house for a tax problem, she tells them she is not subject to taxes in Jefferson even though Colonel Sartoris had been dead almost ten years.She finds her a lover Homer Barron, whom the reader can guess that he is homosexual. When she hears that he is going to leave her, she buys arsenic and kills him. After her death, the townspeople find the grey hair in the bed next to Homer's remains meaning she has been sleeping with the corpse. The reader can discover isolation in the beginning of part II: â€Å"So she vanquished them, horse and foot, just as she had vanquished their fathers thirty years before about the smell† (Faulkner 85). This moment gives the reader another message of Emily's isolation.Most reader can guess the reason for the smell: Homer Barron was dead. The last proof, â€Å"after her father's death she went out very little; after her sweetheart went away, people hardly saw her at all,† (85) reiterates the fact that Emily is isolated. This quotation has two points; her father makes her isolation and Homer Barron isolates her mind, which seems to be what her father intended. There is n o getting around the fact that â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a story about the extremes of isolation – by physical and emotional.This Faulkner classic shows us the process by which human beings become isolate by their families, by their community, by tradition, by law, by the past, and by their own actions and choices. In effect, this story takes a stand against such isolation, and against all those who isolate others. In the â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Hawthorne, the work centers around a young Puritan, lonely man, in New England, and his deal with the Devil. At the beginning of the story, even though his wife, Faith, tries to dissuade him, Goodman Brown, he leaves on the trip anyway and meets old man.When he follows him on a gloomy forest, he sees many people such as Goody Cloyse, pious woman, and the minister of the church and Deacon Gookin, who are also apparently on their way to the ceremony. Goodman Brown was Shocked; he swears that even though everyone els e in the world has gone to the devil, for Faith's sake he will stay true to God. However, he soon hears voices coming from the ceremony and thinks he recognizes Faith's voice. Faith ignores when he screams and has turned to evil. The next morning Goodman Brown return to Salem Village, and every person he passes seems evil to him.He does not trust anyone in his village. He lives the rest of his life in gloom and fear. This short story is famous for being representation of American Romantic literature. The reader can find just a few important quotes from the short story. In the forest Brown saw a mixture of pious and dissolute people, and it was strange to see that â€Å"the good shrank not from the wicked, nor were the sinners abashed by the saints† (331). Brown chose to see that all were evil and lost his chance at redemption when he chose to isolate himself and to â€Å"shrink from his Faith† and fellow man. By the sympathy of your human hearts for sin ye shall scent out all the places—whether in church, bedchamber, street, field, or forest—where crime has been committed, and shall exult to behold the whole earth one stain of guilt, one mighty blood spot† (332). Near the end of the story, Goodman Brown has seen the evil in every person, and it causes isolating of his life. In the story, the narrator poses an important question: â€Å"Had Goodman Brown fallen asleep in the forest, and only dreamed a wild dream of a witch-meeting? † (Meyer 333). The choice is dream or reality.Whatever the reader chooses to believe, Goodman Brown's own horrible doubts create a central theme of the tale (Fogel 21). Hawthorne’s mental and moral beliefs are revealed throughout â€Å"Young Goodman Brown. † Puritans believed that the fall of Adam was the inheritance of all men, and that redemption came only through Christ. Hawthorne came to believe that the fall was by human contrivance, that damnation is not inherited but chosen and is redeemable through human agency. (Adams 5) The devil reminds Brown about the past and the devil knows his father and grandfather from past encounters.Theme is hypocrisy and deception that would describe the devil's temptations and promises to Goodman Brown, his father, his grandfather, and anyone else. Other theme would be isolation because of the location where Goodman Brown is at which is a dark forest where he is all alone with no one in the area. The short story, â€Å"Good country people† by O'Connor, also has a character of isolation. This story starts in rural Georgia; Mrs. Hopewell runs her family farm with the help of tenants Mr. and Mrs. Freeman. Mrs. Hopewell's daughter, Joy, who got her leg cut off in an accident when she was a child.She now lives at home with her mother. Thirty-three-year-old Joy has earned a PhD in philosophy, but she does not seem to have much common sense. In an act of rebellion, she has changed her name to Hulga, and she lives in a st ate of annoyed anger at her mother and Mrs. Freeman. A Bible salesman comes to the door, claiming his name is Manly Pointer, and manages to get invited to dinner. He and Hulga make a date to have a picnic together the next day. That night Hulga imagines with her superior mind and education that she is in control and that she will seduce him.However, the next day by the time they have climbed into a barn loft, Manly manages to persuade her to take off her glasses and then her wooden leg which he packs in a suitcase, between a â€Å"Bible† which is really a box with liquor and pornographic cards in it. As Manly leaves Hulga without her false leg, he tells her that he collects prostheses from the disabled. She is shocked to realize that he is not â€Å"good country people. † Hulga, main character, is always trying to escape from the Southern social conventions and stereotypes in which her mother and Mrs. Freeman are immersed.Hulga is self-assured about her self and her vi sion of life and people from a nihilistic and atheist point of view; as she says in this story, â€Å"If science is right, then one thing stand firm: Science wishes to know nothing of nothing. Such is after all the strictly scientific approach to nothing. we knows it by wishing to know nothing of nothing. † (381) She is also very proud of her education with a Ph. D. in Philosophy. Hulga rejects any possibility of mixing with the people around her. She creates a condition of self-isolation in her life. â€Å"You poor baby. it's just as well you don't understand. (389) The young woman fails to see that there is much more to life than what you can learn in a book. Due to a heart condition, however, Hulga is forced to remain home on the farm, instead of being in an academic setting where her education would be recognized and encouraged. This attitude that she is above most other people isolates Hulga from everyone around her. Hulga does not understand herself as innocent; indeed , she considers herself quite experienced because her education has given her access to philosophers such as Nietzsche, whose words she underlines with a blue pencil: â€Å"science wishes to know nothing of nothing. (Ditsky 3) These short stories have lonely characters, â€Å"Emily,† â€Å"Goodman Brown,† and â€Å"Hulga,† who avoid from their family or society. These stories' authors teach the reader that they can find isolation in processing when the main characters fight against their life. There is one thing common ground between them. That is a tragic fate at the end of their isolation from the world. However, if they think a little differently, the result does not have to be tragic. Thus, the reader can learn a lesson from these stories that we need to stay positive and not become a part of the isolation.

Health Promotion in Realtion to a Midwife Essay

In 1946 the World Health Organisation (WHO) defined health as â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity†. This definition integrates the main concepts of health and identifies that health can be viewed differently by individuals and groups (Bowden, 2006). Health and well-being are the result of a combination of physical, social, intellectual and emotional factors (Dunkley, 2000a). The concept of health promotion has emerged with the increasing realisation in society that our health is one of our most valuable personal assets, as well as an asset for society (Crafter, 1997). The Health Promotion Agency (2008) describes health promotion as a process enabling people to exert control over the determinants of health and thereby improve their health. Similarly, the WHO identifies that health promotion involves equipping people to have more power, enabling them to make choices in regard to improving their well-being (WHO, 1984). Ewles and Simnett (2003) determine from this that the fundamental elements of health promotion are improving health, empowerment and education. Breastfeeding is the best form of nutrition for infants and so is an important topic in the context of health promotion (Dearling, 1999). Health promotion is not an extended role of the midwife but a core competency. In its Code of Professional Conduct (2008), the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) outlines the role of the midwife to include supporting people in caring for themselves to improve and maintain their health. Midwives must work with others to protect and promote the health and well-being of those in their care (NMC, 2008). Midwives meet and influence individual women and their families on a day-to-day basis, and can make real differences to how those people deal with health issues during their childbearing years and beyond (Crafter, 1997). Davis (2002) points out that every interaction with a woman is an opportunity to improve long-term health as midwives are trusted as authoritative figures in the delivery of health promotion. The Royal College of Midwives’ â€Å"Vision 2000† describes the midwife as a public health practitioner, and relevant models and approaches can enhance the way that midwives deliver care. A health promotion approach can be described as the vehicle used to achieve the desired aim (Dunkley-Bent, 2004). Ewles and Simnett (2003) suggest that health promotion is commonly characterised as having five different approaches: the medical approach; the behaviour change approach; the educational approach; the empowerment approach; and the societal change approach. A summary of these approaches can be found in Appendix One. A model of health promotion seeks to represent reality and demonstrates how these different approaches connect in practice (Dearling, 1999). This assignment applies Beatties (1991) model of health promotion to breastfeeding; analyses the challenges midwives may encounter when promoting breastfeeding and evaluates the effectiveness of the midwife in promoting breastfeeding. Beattie’s (1991) model is appropriate as it provides a structured framework to guide, map and contextualise health promotion intervention related to breastfeeding (Seedhouse, 2003). Beattie’s (1991) model has two dimensions; â€Å"mode of intervention† and â€Å"focus of intervention†. The â€Å"mode of intervention† ranges from authoritative which is top-down and expert-led; to negotiated, which is bottom-up and values individuals autonomy. The â€Å"focus of intervention† ranges from a focus on the individual to a focus on the collective. The model uses these dimensions to generate four strategies for health promotion – health persuasion technique, legislative action, personal counselling and community development (Tonnes and Tilford, 2001). The health persuasion technique utilises the medical and educational approaches to inform women of the research-based health benefits of breastfeeding. This intervention is top-down, directed at individual women and led by midwives as health experts (Perkins et al, 1999). It relies on persuasive tactics to ensure compliance. Being medical-based, it aims to reduce morbidity and reduce premature mortality and is conceptualised around the absence of disease. As midwives do not regard pregnancy and child-birth as states of ill-health, its validity in midwifery care must be questioned (Dunkley, 2000a). The benefits of breastfeeding are well-documented (Appendix Two), however difficulties arise in making this information relevant and personal to each woman. Often, simply giving women ‘information’ makes little difference to them (Dunkley, 2000b). Positive messages about breastfeeding should be evident in the midwife’s practice room (Ewles and Simnett, 2003). Literature and posters that promote breastfeeding can be prominently displayed. All magazines and literature in the waiting room can be examined to ensure that there are no unwanted advertisements or promotions of formula. Health persuasion is based on an assumption that women make rational, conscious decisions about how to feed in response to factual health-related information (Crafter, 2002). Personal attitudes will affect the woman’s decision more than anything; and changing beliefs, values and attitudes is difficult and requires more time, resources and dedication than most midwives have due to over-load of work (Crafter, 1997). Naidoo and Wills (2000) identify four stages in the behaviour-change process, and these can apply to choosing to breastfeed. First, the woman must understand the benefits, accept the relevance of this information to her situation, weigh up the benefits and disadvantages for herself, and finally make her decision on how to feed. Women are advised that if they breastfeed their health and that of their baby will benefit (Piper, 2005). If a woman chooses not to breastfeed, she may experience guilt feelings and start to avoid the midwife, or not share future issues of concern because she is reluctant to receive advice which is inconsistent with her own beliefs and ideas (Battersby, 2000). Non-judgmental support of breastfeeding rather than loaded advice-giving may be more appropriate as it is unethical for the midwife to coerce and persuade women into breastfeeding (Cribb and Duncan, 2002). It is not the role of the midwife to persuade, but to inform (Davis, 2002). The health persuasion technique may be useful in the short-term to raise awareness, but it is unlikely to be effective in itself as it is not enough to simply tell women why breast is best and expect them to choose to breastfeed (Entwistle et al, 2007). There is no opportunity for women to ask questions, follow long conversations or direct the dialogue to areas where they need knowledge (Dunkley, 2000a). Language barriers may also arise, midwives and women may not share the same first language, or women may not understand the medical terms related to the health benefits of breastfeeding (Bright, 1997). Health persuasion can increase the feeling of powerlessness in women; the total opposite of empowerment, which is the core principle of midwifery practice (Royal College of Midwives, 2000). Legislative action attempts to promote breastfeeding at a national level, therefore incorporating the societal-change approach. This is a benevolent, top-down intervention led by professionals in the role of â€Å"custodians† in knowing what will improve the nations’ health (Dunkley, 2000). Legislative action involves making environmental, social and economic changes by policy planning, political action and widespread collaboration with decision makers (Ewles and Simnett, 2003). The Breastfeeding Strategy Group for Northern Ireland was established by the Department of Health and Social Services (DHSS) in 1997 as a result of legislative action to try and improve breastfeeding rates in Northern Ireland. The Innocenti declaration (WHO/UNICEF, 1990) and the WHO/UNICEF Baby Friendly Initiative provide a national framework for best practice to support breastfeeding in maternity units and other healthcare facilities nationwide. Although not based on the actions of individual midwives, midwives can utilise this aspect of health promotion by lobbying power holders through their professional organisations and specialist forums, such as the Royal College of Midwives (RCM), the National Childbirth Trust (NCT) and the Association for Improvements in Maternity Services (AIMS) (Crafter, 2002). These organisations can align themselves together to address issues such as facilities for breastfeeding in public places, marketing of breastfeeding substitutes and improving maternity leave. Legislative action is an effective long-term way of promoting breastfeeding by making breastfeeding socially acceptable and the natural choice for women, thereby positively influencing the concept of breastfeeding within society (Bowden and Manning, 2006). Midwives can help develop strategies for intervention, act as advocates, promote the health of women indirectly and achieve collective improved breastfeeding rates at a level removed from individual interaction (Bowden and Manning, 2006). However, as Acts of Parliament use utilitarian principles they are unlikely to meet equally the needs of everyone (Cribb and Duncan, 2002). Midwives are also faced with a challenge in that the Government is setting targets to be met, which in a way dictates the information to be provided to women (Seedhouse, 2003). Legislative action takes time to achieve its aims, and can be an expensive form of health promotion (Bright, 1997). Community development uses the empowerment approach to enhance breastfeeding support among local communities and bring about local changes relating to breastfeeding facilities. Examples of community development include breastfeeding support groups and Sure Start Initiatives. Peer support in breastfeeding support groups has been found to be more effective in health promotion than the influence of health professionals (Barrowclough, 1997). Midwives can inform women of local groups and initiatives available to them (Barrowclough, 1997). Many women have to sit on public toilet seats or in inappropriate rooms to breastfeed their baby as restaurant proprieters and clientele are often intolerant of breastfeeding. Support groups offer women a comfortable, welcoming place to breastfeed their babies and can campaign locally to change negative attitudes towards breastfeeding (Barrowclough, 1997). Empowering community groups generates norms and social support which will reinforce breastfeeding. The nature of community development encourages autonomy, responsibility and interdependence rather than dependence on a more prescriptive form of care (Piper, 2005). Community development meets women’s needs for emotional and practical care that midwives may be unable to provide due to lack of time, and increases information and support available to breastfeeding mothers (Dunkley-Bent, 2004). Community development can also empower women to determine wider health needs and challenge medical and midwifery services through service user focus groups and participating in patient panels (Dunkley-Bent, 2004). Limitations to community development include lack of government funding for local initiatives, which can be improved through campaigning to raise awareness. Support groups are commonly only accessible to a select group of women, and it is up to midwives to ensure they work to deliver information that reaches all women in their care (Dunkley, 2000a). Midwives are ideally situated to help develop community support networks alongside women and their families (Piper, 2005). Personal counselling involves the empowerment and educationalist approaches. It is a process of active listening and reflection to empower women, based on their current knowledge and behaviour, to become more capable of making genuine informed choices (Dunkley, 2000b) The midwife’s role within this process is purely as a facilitator and enabler rather than an expert, offering guidance and support (Dunkley, 2000b). Being listened to makes individuals feel as though they have some control in planning their lives (Crafter, 2000). Rather than telling women what to do, midwives work with them to identify their needs and empower them to have the skills and confidence to breastfeed (Bright, 1997). Specialised lactation midwives can offer personal counselling if they are available, but in general midwives may have insufficient time to utilise opportunities for personal counselling in the postnatal ward or when women have been discharged back out into the community (RCM, 2002). Discussing the details of skin-to-skin contact and the importance of the first feed antenatally can encourage women to try breastfeeding (RCM, 2002). Many midwives draw on their own experience to support breastfeeding, and while this can sometimes assist good practice, it can cause difficulties as where women report neutral or negative breastfeeding messages, breastfeeding initiation can be affected (Entwistle et al, 2007). If a woman has been given the message that she is worth listening to, and is trusted to make the right decision, she will feel more confident and empowered to breastfeed (RCM, 2000). Time spent helping to establish correct attachment and positioning of the baby at the breast will in the long-term minimise continued dependence on midwifery care (Dunkley-Bent, 2004). An empowered woman would be able to participate more fully in community development, and could help promote breastfeeding by sharing her own positive experience with peers and relatives (Entwistle et al, 2007). The success of this approach is determined by a number of factors including good communication (Crafter, 2002), which can only be achieved with adequate time (Dunkley, 2000b) and the midwife’s personal attitude towards breastfeeding (Entwistle et al, 2007). Antenatal support, good hospital management and subsequent postnatal community visits are all-important components of breast-feeding promotion. Antenatal education and encouragement increases breast-feeding rates and identifies potential problem areas (Barrowclough, 1997). Hospital practices should focus on skin-to-skin contact, rooming-in, early and frequent breast-feeding, skilled support and avoidance of artificial nipples, pacifiers and formula (UNICEF, 2000). Postnatal visits should not be rushed and should include information on support groups available locally. Witnessed breast-feeding is an important part of follow-up because many breastfeeding problems are caused by improper latch-on or positioning that can be detected and corrected (RCM, 2002). Health promotion is an integral part of the midwife’s practice (NMC, 2008). The advantage of using Beattie’s (1991) model in promoting breastfeeding is that it allows midwives to question what actions are really useful in reaching and impacting on women. Beattie’s model helps midwives to review their own actions and critically analyse current methods of promoting breastfeeding (Dunkley-Bent, 2004). Breastfeeding promotion activities must cross each of the four strategies identified within the model if they are to be effective (Piper 2005). Crafter (1997) identifies challenges to implementing these strategies effectively within midwifery practice including time constraints, personal attitudes, inconsistent advice and lack of resources. Midwives must be equipped with the knowledge and skills to participate confidently in the management and promotion of breastfeeding, and thus empower women to breastfeed their babies successfully (Bowden, 2006). An awareness of the wider cultural influences and attitudes to breastfeeding can help midwives to implement effective health promotion strategies (Dunkley, 2000b).

Managing Human Resources in H&SC Essay

Rules and regulations: Plagiarism is presenting somebody else’s work as your own. It includes: copying information directly from the Web or books without referencing the material; submitting joint coursework as an individual effort; copying another student’s coursework; stealing coursework from another student and submitting it as your own work. Suspected plagiarism will be investigated and if found to have occurred will be dealt with according to the procedures set down by the College. Please see your student handbook for further details of what is / isn’t plagiarism. Coursework Regulations 1 You are required to submit your coursework on-line through online e-learning system http://stponline.org.uk. Detailed information about this  is available in the student handbook submission 2 Details of submission procedures and penalty fees can be obtained from Academic Administration or the general student handbook. 3 Late coursework will be accepted by Academic Admin Office and marked according to the guidelines given in your Student Handbook for this year. 4 If you need an extension (even for one day) for a valid reason, you must request one, using a coursework extension request form available from the Academic Admin Office. Do not ask the lecturers responsible for the course – they are not authorised to award an extension. The completed form must be accompanied by evidence such as a medical certificate in the event of you being sick. 5 General guidelines for submission of coursework: a All work must be word-processed and must be of â€Å"good† standard. b Document margins shall not be more than 2.5cm or less than 1.5cm c Font size in the range of 11 to 14 points distributed to including headings and body text. Preferred typeface to be of a common standard such as Arial or Times New Roman for the main text. d Any computer files generated such as program code (software), graphic files that form part of the course work must be submitted either online with the documentation. e The copy of the course work submitted may not be returned to you after marking and you are advised to have your personal copy for your reference. f All work completed, including any software constructed may not be used for any purpose other than the purpose of intended study without prior written permission from St Patrick’s International College. Outcomes and assessment requirements Outcomes Assessment criteria for pass To achieve each outcome a learner must demonstrate the ability to: LO1 Understand processes for recruiting individuals to work in health and social care 1.1 Explain the factors to be considered when planning the recruitment of individuals to work in health and social care 1.2 Explain how relevant legislative and policy frameworks of the home country influence the selection, recruitment and employment of individuals 1.3 Evaluate different approaches that may be used to ensure the selection of the best individuals for work in health and social care LO2 Understand strategies for building effective teams for working in health and social care 2.1 Explain theories of how individuals interact in groups in relation to the types of teams that work in health and social care 2.2 Evaluate approaches that may be used to develop effective team working in health and social care LO3 Understand systems for monitoring and promoting the development of individuals working in health and social care 3.1 Explain ways in which the performance of individuals working in health and social care can be monitored 3.2 Assess how individual training and development needs can be identified 3.3 Analyse different strategies for promoting the continuing development of individuals in the health and social care workplace LO4 Understand approaches for managing people working in health and social care. 4.1 Explain theories of leadership that apply to the health and social care workplace 4.2 Analyse how working relationships may be managed 4.3 Evaluate how own development has been influenced by management approaches encountered in own experience. Case Scenario – St – Patrick’s Nursing Home You have recently been appointed as a trainee Human Resources Officer at  St-Patrick’s Nursing Home located in central London. During the first formal meeting with the Board of Directors you were told about the recent expansion of the nursing home by your HR Director. You were also informed about the various problems that St Patrick’s Nursing Home have been experiencing, such as the high rate of employee turnover(caused by low pay, poor working conditions, long hours, not enough benefits or a negative atmosphere from management, fixed/inflexible contracts; inadequate salaries; recruitment based on favoritismetc.). Alsocomplaints from residents and families about the quality of care, and staff errors due toInsufficient knowledge or application of clinical-care standards and protocols; lack ofguidelines; inadequate supervisionthat compromised the safety and efficiency of care. The HR Director is under pressure to increase staff retention in order to reduce future traini ng and recruitment costs. She believes that the current recruitment and selection policies of St-Patrick’s Nursing Home are partly responsible for the turnover problem. The HR Director also suggested that care workers’ performance, satisfaction and commitment to the organisation depend on collaborative team-working. She mentioned that staff members were often blamed for not communicating important messages to one another whilst on shift, not handing over effectively at the end of their shift, and coming to work â€Å"just to do their shift and go home†. As part of your job, you are required to ensure that the recruitment planning and selection approaches are used effectively and that the relevant legislative and policy framework of the home country are implemented during this process; andprepare a comprehensive and appropriate Performance Evaluation Plan for all of the employees working in your organisation; also you should to make some recommendations on the types of training nursing staff will require considering their current level of competence and future development requirements. At the end of the training, the employees will acquire the knowledge and skills to enable them apply the core standards set by the Care Quality Commission. You have been asked by your boss to arrange a training session for the care staff in order to enlighten them about the techniques and leadership skills that you have used and applied over the period of time in managing and leading people at the workplace, and which they can apply to their roles. You r training session also needs to educate them about the relevance and application of different  leadership theories in leading people and managing relationships with peers and subordinates. Finally, make them aware how you have been continuously updating your knowledge and developing yourself throughout, and what the benefits of ‘investing in yourself’ were. A grand party would be organizedby your HR director praising all your hard work and achievements you would have accomplished in a short span of time working at St-Patrick’s Nursing Home. More information can be accessed from the following websites: www.CQC.org.uk., www.legislation.gov.uk, www.acas.org.uk, www.cipd.co.uk Assignment: Based on the scenario above you are required to complete an ESSAY of 3,000 words (this is an indicative word limit).You should refer to the assessment criteria and the relevant unit content, when preparing your evidence of assessment. The essay is formed of the following four sections below which relate to the learning outcomes. Learning Outcome 1 (1.1, 1.2, 1.3) 1.1 Explain the factors that need to be considered when planning the recruitment of individuals to work at St-Patrick’s Nursing Home. (M1) 1.2 Explain how relevant legislative and policy frameworks of the home country influence the selection, recruitment and employment of individuals to work in St-Patrick’s Nursing Home(M1 and D1) 1.3 Evaluate the different approaches that may be used to ensure the selection of the best individuals, and make recommendations for St-Patrick’s Nursing Home (M1 and D1) Learning Outcome 2 (2.1, 2.2) 2.1 Explain the theories of how individuals interact in groups in relation to the types of teams that work in health and social care (M2 and D2) 2.2 Evaluate the approaches that may be used by staff at different levels to develop and promote effective team working at St-Patrick’s Nursing Home (M2 and D2) Learning Outcome 3 (3.1, 3.2, 3.3,) 3.1 Explain the ways in which the performance of individuals working in health and social care can be appraised(M3 and D3) 3.2 Assess of how individual training and development needs can be identified at St-Patrick’s Nursing Home (M3 and D3) 3.3 Analyse the different strategies for promoting the continuing development of individuals in the health and social care workplace (M3 and D3) Learning Outcome 4 (4.1, 4.2, 4.3,) 4.1 Explain theories of leadership that apply to the health and social care workplace (M2 and D2) 4.2 Analyse how working relationships may be managed at St-Patrick’s Nursing Home (M3) 4.3Evaluate how your own development has been influenced by management approaches that you encountered in your own experience (M3 and D3) Formative Submission How and why will formative assessment take place? Formative assessment will take place to advise you on your progress within the term (during 4th and 8th week) and the ways in which you could improve before the final (summative) submission. The feedback is for your benefit and is not part of your final grade for the unit. Formative feedback may however not be as detailed as the final feedback you receive, and may be in verbal and/or written form (at the teacher’s discretion). You will be asked to submit your work for formative feedbackin electronic form to your teacher or as hard copy, to which you will receive verbal and/or written feedback. Final (Summative) Submission You need to submit all of the documents relating to your final assignment covering all learning outcomes i.e. LO1, LO2, LO3 and LO4 via stponline.co.uk on or before 12TH April 2014 latest by 23:55. Merit Descriptors Indicative characteristics Contextualised Indicative characteristics (All the characteristics need to be achieved) M1 Identify and apply strategies to find appropriate solutions Complex problems with more than one variable have beenexplored. Has demonstrated an understanding of therelevant legislation and policies framework of the home country andknowledge of the different approachesthat may be used to ensure the selection of the best individuals to work in health and social careLO 1.1 1.2,1.3 M2 Select/design and apply appropriate methods/techniques The application of relevant theories, techniques and methods, and also justifying all sources of information. Has shown the understanding of the Leadership and team theories and applied them by developing the effective team and workingrelations.LO2.1,2.2,LO4.1 M3 Present and communicate appropriate findings The appropriate structure and approach has been used Has identified the appropriate method of performance appraisal and evaluated the correct staff training and development needsLO3.1, 3.2 Distinction Descriptors Indicative characteristics Contextualised Indicative characteristics (All the characteristics need to be achieved) D1 Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid conclusions Conclusions have been arrived at through synthesis of ideas and have been justified Has critically evaluated their work and drawn conclusions with justification on how the conclusions were arrived at in relation to the different approaches used to ensure the selection of the best individuals for work in health and social careLO 1.3 D2 Take responsibility of managing and organising activities Independent thinking has been demonstrated and all activities have been managed. Has applied the different leadership and team theories for team management and workingrelationships.LO4.1 4.2 D3 Demonstrate convergent/lateral/creative thinking Self-evaluation has taken place. Has critically evaluatedhow their own development has been influenced by management approaches. LO4.3

AN EXTENSIVE ANALYSIS OF BELOVED, BY TONI MORRISON Essay

AN EXTENSIVE ANALYSIS OF BELOVED, BY TONI MORRISON - Essay Example But before we can relegate the statement to this easy explanation, we must consider the answers to what is ‘it’ referring to; an answer that can change depending upon the way in which it is read. By understanding the general plot line of the story and the reasons why Morrison might have built this deliberately ambiguous statement into the novel, it becomes possible to understand how the various approaches might interpret the story differently in such a way that most of them reach the same final conclusion – that here is a story that absolutely must be told. The story follows the fictional character Sethe, who lives in a small â€Å"gray and white house on Bluestone Road† (Morrison, 1988, p. 1) with her daughter Denver. Throughout the story, we learn these two women have not always lived alone, nor will they remain alone as the story progresses. As the story opens, we learn that Sethe and Denver once lived with Sethe’s two sons, Howard and Bugler, who have both run away as a result of strange, ghostly activities happening at the house. They also once lived with Baby Suggs, Sethe’s mother-in-law and the woman who taught Sethe how to live again after escaping slavery. Very quickly, we are also introduced to Paul D, who was one of the men Sethe had worked with on Sweet Home, the Kentucky plantation where she, her husband and several others had been cruelly treated as slaves. Upon her escape from slavery, an event that happened many years prior to the opening of the story, Sethe murdered her youngest child, a girl, as p art of a desperate attempt to keep her precious daughter from experiencing the type of degradation and abuse Sethe experienced at the hands of Schoolteacher. It is this child who returns to haunt her mother and family in later years, manifesting itself in the bodily form of Beloved, who feeds off of this desperation to eventually bring about a final resolution. It is through

Phil Company Limited Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Phil Company Limited - Essay Example The company belongs to the Electronics and Information technology industry. Currently, the company is owned by Phil Samuel, Dick Harry, and other eight partners. The company uses cutting edge technology in designing and manufacturing electronic products like television sets, microwaves, radios, computer hardware and cell phones. Phil has been in the electronic manufacturing industry for the last four years. Improved market share in both the domestic and international consumer environments is as a result of the company's performance and experience in the manufacturing process. Phil manufactures electronics based on orders placed by retailers in the market. The company’s total employee population stands at 2000, both in the US and Jamaican manufacturing sites. Phil’s Mission Statement Phil’s vision is to become the leading manufacturer and marketer of electronic products both in the US and all over the world. We strive to respond to the market demands and consumers ’ needs by adjusting appropriately to the technological dynamics prevailing in the industry. We are aiming at responding to consumers’ needs by considering the dynamics and fluctuations in the economic sector. The company’s financial objectives are to maximize profits, optimize the net worth, increase share value and plough back the earnings into initiating wealth growth. Phil works towards providing excellent and outstanding services in terms of product and service qualities. The company will stick to the ethical code of conduct at all times and strive to perform their social responsibilities in one heart (Philip & Michael, 2009). Potential International Market Africa is one of the potential foreign markets for the company’s electronic products. In the recent past, African countries have come to embrace information technology products in their markets. International market research statistics shows that Africa is the leading market of electronic products in the world. In addition, the political systems in the continent have improved over the past years. Most nations in Africa have a functioning democratic government. Therefore, this market has a favorable political climate. African countries are highly populated. Therefore, the high population signifies a potentially large market for the company’s products. Moreover, African nations are at the stage of discovering and mining their natural resources like oil and other minerals. This has improved their macro-economic aspects of living standards and employment rates. Therefore, a substantial percentage of the continent’s population has a high purchasing power. These factors make the continent a potential market segment for the company’s products (Philip & Michael, 2009). Marketing Plan Audience The general public and the shareholders are the potential audiences for the company’s marketing plan. Since the company belongs to 10 individuals, it would be approp riate to supplement a marketing plan to  these stakeholders. In addition, government authorities and financial institutions are the other potential audience of the marketing plan. All these three audiences have different needs concerning the contents of the marketing plan. The disparity in their needs is as a result of the different roles played by the three parties during the implementation of the plan. In this case, the ten shareholders need to evaluate the feasibility of the identified segment in terms of profits from the market (Dennis, 2010). In addition, the shareholders want to

Arab Americans in Southwest Michigan Research Paper - 1

Arab Americans in Southwest Michigan - Research Paper Example A unique dynamic of the majority of these first Arab American immigrants was the fact that they were almost invariably single males who, disillusioned with the prospects that their native land could offer them, struck out to find new opportunities in the United States in elsewhere as a means of building their life.1 Rather than settling in the major cities such as Chicago, Detroit, or New York city exclusively, such as so many immigrants before them had done, a large percentage of these young men set out across the Mid-West seeking to earn a living as traveling/itinerant salesmen.2 Although it is of course unfair to categorize an entire population by the actions of a few, it is fair to say that those individuals who engaged in such a line of work found themselves to be quite prosperous; so much so that many of them went back into the cities and opening small stores and shops of their own. It was at this juncture that the idea and actuality of an Arab community within southwestern Mic higan began to develop. Similarly, as the community began to grow and develop, a more nuanced and diverse array of Arab American immigrants began to add their own particular touches to this community. However, such is not to say that the transition that these individuals experienced towards acceptance within the communities they resided was an easy one not marked by hardship, racism, and prejudice. As the numbers of immigrants entering Michigan and elsewhere as a result of what has come to be known as â€Å"the Great Migration† increased, so too did the resistance among the native population to their presence. As with many such stories of assimilation and immigration, the native population believed that the influx of immigrants based on the belief that these individuals were antithetical to the â€Å"American† way of life and held worldviews, religious beliefs, and key cultural differences that would not blend well with

Psychologic Disorders Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychologic Disorders - Case Study Example The current psychological state of the patient is due to her history of mood issues; this makes her prone to mood swings throughout the menopause period. The patient is going through the maniac state, explaining the loss of sleep, increased energy, elation, and spending. In accordance to her psychological history, this condition has persisted for sometime; bipolar disorders persist for a long period. Based on medical facts, the symptoms of menopause repeatedly persist in post- menopause phase. Vasomotor symptoms are evident and are displayed by the patient. Examples of these symptoms include; hot flashes leading to lack of sleep at night and mood changes leading to aggression- continually spending money on various items. The appropriate treatment for the patient under investigation is referral to a psychological health specialist. This approach is necessary so the medical practitioner can determine if the symptoms are due to menopause or by the psychological illness (Akiskal, & Tohen, 2011). As per the patient under evaluation, the symptoms are due to psychological illness. Medication administered to the patient is a combination of mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotic medication. Mood stabilizers aid in stabilizing maniac symptoms, limiting risk factors like self harm and reducing future episodes. Mood stabilizer drugs include; lithium, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, topiramate, and valproate. Antipsychotic drugs and or benzodiazepine are included to the mood stabilizers so as to subside mania. Examples of antipsychotic drugs include; olanzapine, quetiapine, clozapine, risperidone, and aripiprazole. According to the maniac symptoms of the patient, clonazepam must be used to treat the maniac qualities (Suppes, Dennehy, & Suppes, 2012). The most effective treatment according to the patient’s diagnosis is supportive psychotherapy, prescribed pharmaceutical drugs, and psycho

MKT DB2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MKT DB2 - Essay Example This category is aligned with my interest since I am a very family oriented person that values intimacy, consensus, and stability over risk. The VALS analysis can help companies determine how consumers will react to different marketing and advertising campaigns. For instance achievers like prestige products. Auto companies that manufacture luxury cars such as BMW should target achievers as part of their marketing campaign. Achievers are also hard workers that are very attached to their work. Due to their rush lifestyle achievers are the type of people that like products and services that save them time. An example of a service that achievers will use more often than other types is the self-service window at fast food restaurants. In their work setting achievers seek recognition. The use of recognition at work serves as a basis to reward employees’ efforts (About, 2012). Overall the use of the VALS system can serve as a great tool for marketers to learn more about the desires of people which can be very beneficial in the product design process. About.com (2012). Employee Motivation, Morale, Recognition, Rewards, Retention. Retrieved August 27, 2012 from

Project management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project management - Assignment Example Team functionality and consequent performance depends on various collaboration aspects that are designed to enhance the realization of the project objectives. Communication is a fundamental aspect in the undertaking of a project that engages team work. There should be a clear flow of information from the team leader to the members and vice versa. This flow is designed to maintain a consistent system through which all players in the team are kept posted to emerging issues and expected trends in the project (Gowen, 2007). Team efficacy is highly influenced by modes and means of communication within and without the team. It is important that each member contributes to the design, formulation and implementation of a communication process that is properly suited to the specific variables of the project being undertaken. Running of a project is not always at par with the expectations. However, with effective communications designs, it easier for the entire team to deal with emerging challe nges in the process. The team encompasses diverse and dynamic reasoning, knowledge and skills. Project undertakings also require that balanced collaboration be observed if the desired results are to be achieved. For this reason, the team cannot avoid discussions and decision making at both individual and team level. This requires that effective communication among all stakeholders. ... Team coordination of project phases is characterized by numerous activities. These activities call for decision making from time to time, across every stakeholder. With proper communications designs, negotiations fall into place. Negotiations encompass critical evaluation and assessment of scenarios that need to accounted for as different project activities unfold. Negotiations are designed to bring on board different views of every person involved, so that what is decided upon binds to every team participant. Negotiation in the team level aims to bring to terms all the individual duties and responsibilities, so that what is achieved reflects a team effort. Although the team is made up of a number of players, each player’s contribution counts in the overall success or failure of the team. On the same note, the different players are divided in accordance to their specialization, prior to the activities that need to be undertaken, and the duties and responsibilities that need to be met. Therefore, the team operates in functional areas that range from management and leadership, finance, operations and human resource (Bollen, 2009). The interaction of these parties must encompass proper negotiations, so that in case anything goes wrong in the process, a blame game does not emerge. In such an instance, these functional areas engage in discussions, evaluations and assessments that account for misconducts realized if any. Team performance is highly dependent on the meetings aspect. Meetings are inevitable at all decision making levels. From the time the team is being formed to the completion of the project, meetings play an essential role in uniting all